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76 - The Conquest of Tunis by the Turks (part 4)

On the other side of the canal works were also undertaken. When everything was almost finished, a bridge over the canal linking the two parts of La Goulette, and assured communications between them.
To add to these resources, we used the batteries from some galleys ashore, and they spared to other vessels, wet in the lake itself, the way to open their fire on the enemy, whichever way he attack him the corner.

To defend these, 4,000 had Khaireddine Turkish Janissaries of 1,000 and 2,000 Tunisians. He gave the command over two of his lieutenants: Sinan, the Jew, and Ali, surnamed Caccia Diavolo, or Devil Hunt.
As for food for the nourishment of all these people, they were to be drawn from Tunis and service of boats constantly coming and going from La Goulette, provide for these essential needs.

After using the arms of the population, Barbarossa thought to use its passions. The Holy War was proclaimed. Imams preached everywhere hatred of the Christian name, and many officers scoured the countryside, to excite the fanatical zeal of the warm and indifferent. It was under these provisions that Barbarossa waited threatening forces of Charles V.

Preparations ordained in the various arsenals being completed, Charles V left Barcelona May 31, 1535, with its own division, and those provided by Flanders, Portugal and Genoa. They were reinforced in Cagliari, where the emperor arrived a few days later, Arms of Malta and Italy. All fleet sails were 400 including 90 galleys. The army comprised 26,500 men, including the following enumeration:

FLEET.
- Division of Spain, Genoa and Flanders: 54 galleys, 70 large ships, 54 brigs, under the command of Andrea Doria.
- Portugal Division: 27 ships under the command of Antonio de Saldanha.
- Division of Italy and Malta: 36 galleys, 28 large ships under the command of Alvaro Bazan. More
transport.

ARMY.

INFANTRY - Division English; veteran troops from Italy: 4,000 men, under the command of General Marquis de Guasto.
- Division English, new levies: 8,000 men, under the Duke of Alba.
- German Division: 7,000 men under the command of Maximilian Piedra Buena.
- Italian Division: 4,000 men under the command of the Prince of Salerno.
- Portuguese Division: 2,000 men, under the orders of Louis Infante of Portugal.


CAVALRY - Volunteers noble of all nations: 1,000 men under the command of the Marquis de Mondejar.
- English Cavalry: 500 men under the command of the Marquis de Mondejar.

Part of Cagliari, the fleet appeared on the bay of Tunis in the second half of June. They had before them the land or was Carthage, or St. Louis instead landed three centuries ago. The men of Charles V. could not see, an arid coast and desert, burned by the fire of a scorching sun, dotted with gigantic ruins, not connected by any link with the past, at best they knew that an army of Christians had descended on this once land to plant the cross they themselves would try to fix it!

It landed without resistance from the Arabs, and now they were busy preparing for the attack. After several hot business, or both sides were made losses serious enough, and the work of the seat being completed elsewhere, fire was opened on July 14, 1535 Halk el Oued, La Goulette, which the same day, fell into the hands of the Spaniards. Eighty-seven ships and three hundred guns fell into the hands of the victors.
The Turkish garrison evacuated it and retreated to Tunis, winning the city by the lake, not without losing a lot of people throughout the journey.

At the news of the landing of Charles V, Moulay Hassan was rushed to him enough not to be confused with that of 150 riders, instead of the numerous contingent he had undertaken to provide it. Nevertheless, the Emperor reassured him generously, and he again promised to restore his throne before long.

La Goulette making the order to stand on Tunis was given, and, on July 17, the army marched, along the right bank of the lake.
Barbarossa, at the head of 9,000 homes for old soldiers, came to meet the Emperor at a mile and a half from the town, the two armies were in attendance and came to blows, but the Tunisian troops, composed Turks and natives could not withstand the first shock of the Christians, and all were soon overthrown. At the same time that the action committed, almost in sight of the ramparts of the city, the Christian slaves broke the doors of their prison, and had mastered the Kasbah.

the top of its walls, they announced their success in the English army. This circumstance greatly affects the outcome of the company. Deprived of its main defense, Tunis was forced to capitulate.
During the night the Turks still encamped under the walls of the city, but the next Khaireddine that these successive failures had discouraged, withdrew with the remnants of his army in the interior, from where he reached Algiers leaving in the Casbah of its capital ephemeral treasures and women.

The Emperor was received upon his entrance into the city by different authorities, who came up outside the doors for him to offer keys. Despite this act of condescension respectful, Tunis was pillaged, and plundered it lasted three days and begot a bloodbath that left 70.000 dead!

According to various stories, sources, chronicles and historians "the looting would have been permitted for three days, but the booty was small, and frustrated troops had thus satisfied their revenge by massacring some of the inhabitants irrespective for sex or age. " According to historian
Abdulwahab Tunisia, Tunis at that time had 180,000 souls. The third was captured and the others fled in the vicinity of Zaghouan and the rest were massacred. The smell of corpses decomposed by heat incommodèrent the king was forced to leave Tunis July 27 to stay in Rades
addition to "carnage", "this heinous killing," these organs and rapine, "" the massacre " mosques were demolished and burned libraries. The desecration of the Great Mosque Zaytuna and rape of the tomb of the marabout Sidi Mahrez patron of the city of Tunis with strong emotions were evoked by various writers and historians, and was even interpreted as an act "barbaric."
Columnist Paolo Giovio who had accompanied the expeditionary described the despair of Moulay Hassan Arabic books before trampled by English troops.

also mention other names still bearing the imprint of this eventful history. Until today. One of the doors of Tunis still bears the name of "Bab el Falla" (Gate of the failed and puerta Huida) which recalls the flight of the inhabitants of Tunis after taking into Ressas and Djebel Djebel Zaghouan.

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feudal powers (Historical and Cultural Dictionary Queyras)

The power of the Dolphin is limited by the numerous local aristocracy. Vassal, she participated in the exercise of justice and partly controls the economy. It is therefore co-seigneurs. The nobles were divided into three "parere" means noble Arvieux, those of Molina, Challain Château-Queyras, the most powerful. This co-seigneur originates not the knights who had participated in the expulsion of the Saracens, as proposed by sloe-Broke, but soldiers who, with the Count's power, have framed the farmers who settled the upper valleys. It lasts until the early fourteenth century

The Dolphin seeks to strengthen his power. During investigations of the thirteenth s scribes draw up an inventory or "summa" of income that can be expected from each parish, and then they add up the income of each parish to assess income Queyras or "summa grossa. They strive to establish an average income, by eliminating the uncertainty of future harvests. Taxation is compounded in three ways: through research finicky existing rights, the increase of old charges, by the emergence of new demands.

Two cases illustrate this strengthening of central power. The Dauphin seizes property of a nobleman, who died without an heir Live, the steward of Vizille, who owned land and rights in the Queyras. It decays Auruce Obert, very powerful in the Val Chisone. It has a policy against even tougher local government, the Mistral (or Bayle). The nobility of the High Dauphiné is too poor to oppose him. The average income of a noble family of 3 books, one of A.. Bermond about 6 cents.

The impoverished aristocracy, she alienates her property or go into debt to cope with rising prices and population growth. Gradually, the nobles are absorbed by the world disappears commoner and nobility of the high valleys in the fifteenth century At the same time, emerges in peasant society is a wealthy minority and a new power: the rural community (or university), whose name is often cited in surveys of 1265. It keeps records, control of certain fees, manages the mills. S in the fourteenth, she obtained other credentials: she decides logging, collects revenues, participates in load balancing, acquires offices, etc..

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75 - The Conquest of Tunis by the Turks (part 3)

Moulay Hassan, after being chased by Barbarossa in his dominions, wandered for some time among the Arabs, he excited, revolution Khaireddine cons, making them a pompous display of all property that it would reward their services if they were able to ascend the throne.
There is nothing so light and so inconsistent that the Arab people; enemy domination, he is always ready to listen to him who flatters his love for independence, having nothing to lose and everything to gain in a revolution, he is always ready to take up arms in favor of the party who offers the most advantages. Moulay Hassan was not embarrassed to persuade several Arab Sheikhs, and they began to gather in the plains of Kairouan.

Khaireddine, learning their movements, contented himself with writing this words "Let anyone among you who recognize the dominion of our sovereign Lord and master the Sultan Suleiman, left earlier in the rebel army and come to meet under my banner, for those who would not benefit from this time mercy, and who persisted in their revolt, will be held to repent of their temerity. "

Meanwhile Khaireddine assembled his troops and made all his preparations to go dispel this army of Arabs, whose numbers increased daily. When, under the command of Moulay Hassan, the Arab came to present the fight, he put them on the field in disarray.
Being a good politician, Barbarossa, they even granted the pardon, he knew that it was very difficult to continue. So they sent letters of thanks, and when they were received, the main Sheikhs went with him to swear fealty to him. He therefore took

Kairouan and other towns of the province and settled around the collection of taxes. Finally he opened by 25,000 Christian slaves as contained then the channel Tunis La Goulette, and created a port where the fleet was perfectly sheltered. From that day, Tunisia is more than a Turkish province. Last


again defeated by the usurper of his kingdom, Moulay Hassan, fled to Constantine, where he finds refuge with the governor of the province.
In his exile he became friendly with a renegade Genoese appointed Ximéa, who wanted to take advantage of the situation, he advised him to approach the Emperor Charles V, to seek assistance and to offer, return of service, to declare himself a vassal of the empire. Moulay Hassan
commitment also to assist the operations of the imperial army, with a contingent of Arabs that it was hard to get on the Tunisian coast at the time of arrival of the Emperor .

He wrote the following letter "... Barbarossa, the wretched Turkish Rais, born to misfortune of Barbary, has possession of my statements, and one of the major reasons which have decided to persecute me, is the sincere commitment that I have always had for you; it is your honor, and it is in your interests, O great King! come to my rescue and I get the inheritance of my fathers.
forces you collect is more than enough to get back at Barbarossa, and put me on a throne I usurped qu'i1.
I still serve me sixty thousand men, with whom I shall besiege it by land, while you come to besiege the side of the sea
When the Kingdom of Tunis will be back in my obedience, I'll make a tribute, and I content myself with the title of your officer. "

Charles V had been deeply irritated by the happy hand of the Turks and when Moulay Hassan came to seek his assistance in regaining sovereignty and offer him in return for services rendered, to declare his vassal, the emperor eagerly accepted these openings and associations to conquer he would undertake the Order of Malta, the Holy See and Portugal.

Preparations were immediately begun in huge arsenals of Spain, Genoa, Naples and Sicily; ships and galleys were armed, and supplies of all kinds were kept ready, but that was some deep secret that surrounded the preparations, Barbarossa was notified. The first notice of danger, he asked for help in Constantinople, but the nobleman could not send him because of his military commitments in Asia.
Barbarossa was not discouraged, and resolved to defend himself with his own resources.

Having recognized that the city of Tunis was unable to resist the enemy if it managed to make a landing at La Goulette, he put all his attention on this point. By its orders for new work defense were added to those he had commissioned in the early days of conquest.
He himself conducted, and must use all the arms of Christian slaves. Leaving

anchorage of La Goulette twelve of his best galleys, it housed the rest of its fleet in the small channel that connects the lake to the sea, and as any fortified structure was no guarantee then that point forward, a real boulevard of the capital he erected, with the greatest possible speed, a thick wall, which had to cut the tongue of land that extends north-east of the canal in the direction of the ruins of Carthage, La Goulette to bring to the shelter an attack on that side.
time having failed to properly complete this great work he had to resort to an expedient to temporarily take a useful advantage: they took the oars, spars, all the wood that fell into his hands. They are planted in the ground, we reli them securely, and then thousands of sandbags by subjecting the foot perfectly. Basically, it spared the embrasures to establish a battery. A moat completed this first line of defense.

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74 - The Conquest of Tunis by the Turks (part 2)

The fleet first presented to Bizerte, and received the warmest welcome, the people even offered to Admiral to join him to cooperate for the success of the company, but declined their proposal Barbarossa and hurried back to sea, confident that in all circumstances the success of a project still depends on how quickly they bring to the perform.

The day after his departure from Bizerte, Barbarossa cast anchor off La Goulette. Barbarossa's troops consist of 1,800 Janissaries, 6500 Greeks and 600 Turks and Albanians renegades, most Spaniards. As for the fleet, she was strong of 84 galleys, but six were returned to Constantinople, ten others were sent to Algiers, Bone and fifteen to fifteen Bizerte; first Barbarossa, eighteen have been disarmed, so that only twenty, with seven large vessels brought from the island of Djerba by Sinan, take the sea and cross in front of La Goulette.

Immediately, the rumor spread in Tunis that the Prince Rachid "the son of the Negress" was on board the squadron, and that the intention of the Ottoman Porte was to restore the throne of his father , criminally usurped by Moulay Hassan. This noise, skillfully propagated by agents of Barbarossa, soon assumed the consistency of a new official and produced a great effect on the minds of the population already tired of the existing government. She took up arms, rushed to the palace of Moulay Hassan, drove him out of town and sent on a deputation to Barbarossa, to offer its bid and ask him to invite Rachel to come and take possession of supreme power.
Moulay Hassan picked up all its treasures, and taking with him his wife, his children and his most trusty servants, he retired the side in the middle of Jarîd Arabs.

Barbarossa, pleased with the success of his trick, leads arrives August 16, 1534, in haste the 9,000 troops he had brought with him, drives them to Tunis, where he quickly crosses the suburbs and short seize the Kasbah, where he becomes stronger.

However, impatience won the townspeople, and they suspect this betrayal, stir, gather and loudly demanded their new sovereign.
Barbarossa decided, he announces to the city that The Blessed Hafs have ceased to reign, and that it is no longer with them, but the delegate of the Porte that they must obey, and which he represents.

Realizing that they were played, Tunisians secretly sent word that he could return Moulay Hassan, and all they would meet him to help hunt Turks.

August 18 1534 Barbarossa appeared early in the morning, before the gate of Al-Jazeera with 4.500 men at the same time, Moulay Hassan was coming in the opposite suburb, followed by 4,000 Arab horsemen. The Tunisians had taken up arms and tumultuously assembled, calling loudly for the king, but the Arabs would not support further Moulay Hassan, and stopped in the suburbs. The king entered alone in the city where the Turks had just entered through another door.
Throughout the day, they fought in the streets. First, people had the advantage. Many Turks were isolated massacred, and others driven into the citadel that Tunisians thronged from all sides. The next day, Barbarossa ordered a re-release: 1800 renegade Janissaries and rushed into the city, their muskets and Tunisians did wonders fled in disorder. Continuing their victory through the streets, the Turks entered the houses and killed all those inside: 3000 Tunisians, men, women and children perished in this sad day and 600 were injured as the Turks their losses are much below.

Finally, the people submitted themselves to Barbarossa and recognized him as king. During that this was happening in the city, outside Moulay Hassan, who joined the Arabs, was in great danger. Seeing that the Turks were the strongest, his savage auxiliaries wanted to deliver the Barbarossa, and it was not without difficulty that Moulay Hassan managed to escape.

deposed Sultan had more resources than among Arabs, and they, indeed, were very numerous and powerful. Khaireddine then tried to lure them to his party by appealing to their greed and avarice.
He wrote to the principal Sheikhs of Drid and Nememchas, sending them hooded, sheets and present, and that of them who could seize the Sultan El-Hafsi and bring him, would receive a reward of thirty thousand ducats, while on the contrary that would protect his escape, he would incur further outrage would suffer his vengeance.

The Arabs replied that the Sultans of the family of Beni Hafs were wont to give them every year since time immemorial subsidies agreed cash and food, and if Khaireddine wanted to undergo the same purposes, they would switch to its service .
Khaireddine, satisfied with this opening, they did say that he was willing to pay them royalties set for them, provided, however, they would not do no wrong in his subjects, and they make their camps on the edges of the Sahara or in the plains far from towns. Accordingly, he invited him to bring their records to take note of what he was up to each of them annually, and to ensure that they received and what could be their duty even for the current year, for the Arabs take great care to preserve the authentic documents which state their rights and privileges, and keep an accurate account of payments made to or by the government, at the times determined by usage.

Arab sheiks began to demonstrate their goodwill by withdrawing Djérid in and they sent their records to Khaireddine. The Pasha made the observation when they had nothing more to expect the government for the current year, and he assured them that next spring they would only stand to receive their Awayed (right and of the custom).
In addition, and to instill more confidence, he sent each of the Arab sheiks who had rights to the benefits of government, a teskere (ticket) sealed with his seal, and specifying the sum due to him, with the Order of payment. This generosity on his part favorably disposed the minds of Arabs and put them in his interests.

So this was a return to political power in its wake the Arab tribes (Drid and Nememchas) who still held in Moulay Hassan. Other tribes imitated their example, and also received generous gifts.

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73 - The Conquest of Tunis by the Turks (1st part)

We are in 1525, the dynasty of the Bani Hafs, whose foundation dates back to the year 1228 had provided for more than three centuries a long series of princes, under the government of which the kingdom of Tunis had counted number of states flourished in the Muslim world. This dynasty touched at the end of his prosperity, and its fall was even coming. However Mohamed Moulay still maintained dignity reputation of his ancestors, but we sensed that after him, no prince could bear, without wavering, the weight of such a glorious heritage

Moulay Mohamed had several children by his various wives. Because of the rivalry between mothers of princes, he was obliged to hold shut his eldest son Mamun, extremely vicious man to prevent him from committing parricide.
So he designated as his successor his son Moulay Hassan at the expense of his elder brother, thanks to the intrigues of his mother, ambitious woman, who cherished this purpose now.

So at his death in the year 1525, his youngest son, Moulay Hassan, was empowered, in violation of the right of his brothers. No sooner has he installed on the throne, that, thinking of getting rid of all competitors, Moulay Hassan ordered the assassination of his brothers. Two were sacrificed his jealous fears, the third Rashid, son of a black slave, escaped and took refuge near Abdallah, head of a powerful Arab tribe, whose daughter he married.

Moulay Hassan was not mistaken about the desertion of his brother, he predicted he would soon be attacked. But to minimize the ways he feared treachery around him, he hid his fears. Then one day he met at a banquet all his relatives: brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts, cousins, and all those who, near or far, had blood in his veins Royal Tunisian pretext of their to celebrate and strengthen their union.

At the end of the meal, when he had counted and that he was sure that not one was missing, he was grabbed, put out the eyes of all males, whatever their age and enclose all women in prisons guarded.

the news of this unprecedented cruelty, Rachid, brother fugitive, began to lead the army of his stepfather, and raises most of the tribes he can, but not thinking himself strong enough he sent to ask for help Khaireddine Barbarossa, who had acquired great power, perhaps unconsciously, by the founding of the regency of Algiers.

Khaireddine Barbarossa welcomed the outcast with marked, and soon learned the great benefit he could derive from this circumstance, to help achieve its proposed annexation of the territories from Tunis state that had already conquered, he persuaded the prince to go with him to Constantinople, or his name, his reputation and his credit he would easily obtain the means to support their just claims to the throne of Tunisia.

Rashid, full of confidence in these false assurances, followed Barbarossa to Constantinople. There, the wily pirate easily persuaded the Sultan Suleiman the conquest of Tunis would be easily achievable through the division of parties, and that would be enough to rally them and dominate them, ostensibly to take up the cause of the pretender.

On-the-field preparations for the expedition began, and some time later, a formidable fleet, under command Barbarossa himself, left the Bosporus and sailed to the coast of Africa. When she sailed, Rashid, who until then had kept complete faith in the promises of its two powerful patrons, found himself treacherously arrested by their orders, then thrown into a state prison, from where he was no longer out.

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