Highlights At End Of Hair

72 - The Capture of Sfax: a Massacre forgotten by history (part 6)

These two gentlemen, Ben Ali and Ali Cherif Khlifa have been shot and are 40 kilometers from Sfax where they obviously consult the Arabs of the plain. Sharif Ali is a former gunner's Bey was said in Tunis that he had been at the Ecole Polytechnique, when he was a modest Gunner Arab ignorant, but very sensitive to the independence of Tunisians.

In Sfax, he was commandant, and as such, attendant to the operation of old guns, when the governor informed him of the treaty of Bardo. He at first refused to believe it, then he organized the revolt methodically and patiently.
The city of Sfax all the more deserved his exemplary punishment she has studied his case before it started.

It was found several guns Martini unloaded in the streets, and a gun Gras and even a master of the 93rd searching a house fell on a Turk he put on the wall and shot.

The high number of fatalities and the lack of purifying fears that corpses stay under a layer of earth does too slight to the troops of harmful emissions.

The soldier has the bare bisque for sustenance until now, a little meat from time to time, and mitigations that "commercialism" rushed in troops tightened sell horribly expensive.

The evil is the Parisian who leave today or within eight days from Liverpool, with a ship laden with canned goods, wine, cognac, sausage, herring, coffee and ice-making machines: he would make his fortune in a fortnight at the expense of all profiteers penny or without mesh, which sell drugs that horrible and rotten meat.

Two days after the capture of Sfax, the battleship Alma still has on board a hundred refugees, men, women and children, who fall back to earth on day 3.
The women were lying on one side with the children, men and the other for a few days before the arrival of the main wing, they just lived on bread and water.
Now the show was strange and sad to see. The sufferings are forgotten by everyone, and everyone will try to get back to work. However, security was not great, it is necessary that the six battalions that are still in Sfax in Sfax, and movements operating in the open field, ten kilometers from Sfax.

These men, today completed the number of about three thousand, are too precious to send them to Gabes. If the squadron is going to Gabes, as dictated by the necessities of an exemplary punishment, Admiral Garnault has enough of its twelve hundred sailors companies landing, protected, until the arrival of fresh troops, from France, by the gunboats wings. This

was taken of Sfax. The Arabs are really naive! They never wanted to believe in the internal decision-Sfax. Even in Kairouan, the holy city, where the barber is buried the Prophet, marabouts deny it, based on this that a projectile can carry more than two thousand meters, and the harbor of Sfax is unaffordable for our big battleships .

Some authors do not hesitate to mention that taking Sfax was a memory etched in dramatic trinkets of Looting Sfaxienne whose population has suffered. The French historian

"Martel" wrote: "The brave knights of Sheikh bravely opposed the French army that was much more than with guns and weapons forcing him into hiding in the barracks and warships 15 days away ..... and no end of ammunition and French reinforcements, Sfax and its surroundings could be a large tomb for French soldiers "After the Battle of Sfax Old Ali Bin Khalifa was found seriously injured in the leg and even as it headed defend Gabes.
Courage is not enough against technology and the strength of guns, Ben Khalifa still lose this battle but will continue his revolt from Tripolitania and inflict much damage to the army French but mostly it will anchor the blood of the revolt in the generations that come after.

Ben Khalifa - Khalifa bin Ali - Ali Ben Khalifa -

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71 - The Capture of Sfax: a Massacre forgotten by history (Part 5)

Later, under an old porch, having place the council of notables, headed by a lieutenant-colonel, surrounded by thirty officers. The notables were obtained Aman and treated with the Alma Djellouli, Governor Bey, that they had expelled. It was understood that having any discussions, they would would go to the four corners of the city, by two or three, claiming their co-religionists there was truce and that they could leave the cellars without danger to their lives.

must say that a similar view, read by interpreters, had no effect. The officers give each significant a guard of four men, and now our party people, shouting in Arabic and inviting their countrymen to sprout.
Immediately, ten and fifteen, the Arabs unearth. More than one young soldier remains amazed and think of the countless shots that could still leave the cellars.

All these people had spent four days without food or drink, which is not excessive for an Arab who is a holy war. But they do not throw less avidly on the cups of water that the soldiers brought them.
These soldiers are like that: after angrily shot during the struggle, they rush around the wounded out of their dens on the faith of treaties.

It is likely that General Logerot come in Sfax soon to realize the situation and decide on certain measures of occupation.
troops will occupy the line of city walls, will break down the guns, the insurgents were using, raze the walls, too high, and just wait for Sfax raise their houses, if they so pleased.

On compensation, he n'on be granted only if the take over the Arabs, so the contribution of war to be imposed will she probably considerable. With the money, or compensate for losses that bombing and other acts of war have been subjected to the Europeans.
(later, the city of Sfax, was imposed for ten million dollars or about six million francs!)

One foreign warship present at the taking of Sfax, the "Monarch", British frigate . The captain was right, apparently. At the invitation of his skilful government, he offered his first contest that was belligerent declined.

Later, the commander of the Monarch sent during the action of the wings, twelve barrels of fresh water to the French soldiers, doctors and paramedics with the white flag with red cross of the Geneva Convention. He congratulated him after the action, the French officers of his rank.

Within a few days the population. Muslim begins to return, she always a little wary, but it will pass. The Arab insurgents are still refugees in the gardens of Sfax, which are six leagues in extent. It would take an army to hunt them down, but it is likely that the terrible punishment that have been Sfaxiens pacify that country.

We can imagine no doubt that France Sfax is a small town, a fortified town, about lost Arab village on the southern coast of Tunisia.
Now you must know that Sfax was, after Tunis, the largest city in the whole Regency. Comparing with Tripoli to trade oil, alfa, ostrich feathers, fruit and wheat, just before Sfax Sousse, Monastir and before Mahdia before, these three export ports of Tunisia, also unknown to Parisians that 'they are frequented by traffickers Mediterranean, Greeks, Maltese, Algerians and others. Fifteen thousand

wealthy inhabitants lived in Sfax. After the act of war, they begin to return. The Colonel has never allowed back in town, but on the condition of being accompanied by their wives and their children: singles are carefully excluded, a review board chair at this yard and sits permanently in place.

Following the decision of Sfax, there was a small market on the outskirts of the city. It is sold to the troops and the squadron of grapes and poultry, is the beginning of relaxation. An order from the Colonel never prescribed the indictment yesterday, before the council of war, any soldier that would exempt a object homes now reopened.

Deputy Governor resumed his duties, pending Djellouli dares to take his. The old governor of the city is still refugees aboard the Alma, he returns to town tomorrow, when hundreds of families will be reinstated. Those who have already returned are given possession of their houses, or at least what remains: they are part of the "Meals on" with the troopers as they can do is generally not a fork or a cup. Everything has blown up or has melted in the fire.

the eve of the taking of Sfax, between midnight and one o'clock, there was a warning: one hundred horsemen of the plains is about came to attack the camels of a group of Sfax, encamped near the city and ready to go home at daybreak. These Arabs are likely to Gabes and need transportation, they have vigorously attacked the Sfaxiens that, all armed, defended themselves. Our guards were in turn attacked by horsemen that Sfaxiens had repulsed, and volleys well fed threw many shore.

discontinues These alerts do not nocturnal, they maintain the soldier's concern, because every night we hear gunfire around the city. French troops have built near the walls of the trenches Arab land and shoulders, in case of aggressive return of Ali Ben Khlifa, the great leader of the whole matter of Sfax, with Ali Sharif, the former commandant.

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70 - The Capture of Sfax: a Massacre forgotten by history (Part 4)

At ten o'clock all was over. Our squadron had fired more than two thousand guns and the enemy had lost six to eight hundred men and he was discouraged, especially because of the death of several of its leaders, including bin Belkassem Djeroud who had a reputation be very formidable.

Some civic leaders are down to earth with the officers. Europeans were still recorded on board the warships, where they fled, because the outlet of Sfax was not completed, they continued to blow up the houses and to dislodge the insurgents.
The city between fires and demolitions was literally in ruins, and everywhere, these are just huge holes, gaping loopholes, produced by the shells of fifteen ships firing without intermission.

A detachment of artillery occupied the grazing farm, which the old cannons, time of Louis XVI, were spiked by French sailors.
Only at the trench defense, where a strong odor mortis begins to escape, there are thirty-seven bodies of Arabs killed on the balls of alfa and we buried a few inches in the same trench.

Soldiers from the 93rd to the 77th row and are camped in the ruins of the European district, which forms the lower part of Sfax.

Inside the medina, which is reduced to pieces by the torpedo, the general appearance becomes darker. We walk on fabrics, furniture broken, on the books of accounts on many different utensils, the explosions had thrown violently with rubble and the soldiers are black powder, they stand guard in pairs, and twenty feet in twenty paces, while the officers and noncommissioned officers visit homes with squads of ten men, digging cellars, and then barricaded the doors, above by writing the word "visited"

Proceeding still in the Arab town, the show becomes even more curious and unexpected every street is littered with rubble and bits of all integers minaret and the soldiers to recognize themselves in these maze, gave the street numbers of their regiments: the 92nd Street, 77th Street.

Great Mosque, which is very beautiful, is occupied by the battalion of the 77th. Its appearance is unique with its scope, its carefully whitewashed arches, columns of marble, and on the mats which the troopers have made their home.
Military wags are the high priests dressed in soup, with incredible dresses and caps of all colors.
The turban and green flag of the Prophet used belts to many cooks. Six hundred men are housed in there like princes, so it is with pain that they learn from their officers that tomorrow we will worship at the Mosque of Sfax who have returned to their homes, even demolished the surplus.

The fourth battalions of the 92, 93, 77, 136 and 137th line back to France a few trinkets from the taking of Sfax; more than one soldier put it in her bag a silk handkerchief embroidered or slippers for his country, but, unfortunately, the bag is heavy and the soldier already completed by the necessary objects. It will go to Gabes in stages, and then, farewell memories of Sfax!

was picked up in the mosque a valuable Koran that belonged to the Imam of the mosque who was killed in uttering cries of death against his fellow Christians and exciting to resistance, whereas now, the city was taken. The

Never colonel, who commands now placed under the command of General Logerot and outside the authority of admirals, occupies the first floor of a house remained almost intact.
He ordered the driver to board the Alma Sfaxiens notables seeking to compromise and discuss the conditions of peace. These notables who appear to be wealthy, and one of them has two houses in Sfax, say insurgents have forced them to wear with them, which is quite possible, but what is not absolutely certain.
Finally, today, they came to seek Aman aman eternal, and after consulting the Governor Djellouli, refugees aboard the Alma last fortnight, we'll have it.

It seems that Sfaxiens had prepared for this war houses, since that's how they killed us in the world. The losses we have made can be broken down as follows:
Mariners: killed 13, wounded 26 (ambulance transported aboard the Sarthe). Troops
line: killed, 25; injured 80.
Total for various weapons: 38 dead and 106 wounded.

The dead were solemnly buried in the cemetery European Sfax. The religious ceremony took place aboard the Alma; then a second ceremony was performed in the mosque, the Catholic priest of Sfax, a Maltese.

About the Kasbah, it must be said that, contrary to expectations, it was not defended by a garrison. When the torpedoes were destroyed in the massive door, carefully closed in they found inside an Arab, who put himself on duty to blow the powder magazine. The bench he was executed by firing squad, and a great misfortune could be avoided.

The Governor's Palace, situated atop the Arab city, is a marvel of Oriental decoration. The commander Gardarein, the 93rd line can not complain
From this headquarters, which has accrued share.

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69 - The Capture of Sfax: a Massacre forgotten by history (Part 3)

The Colbert cannon sounded and the whole squadron immediately answers: a hail of steel and fire, crossed the calm waters of the Gulf and has just burst on the town, reduce dust in the houses, domes and minarets. A roar of explosions
, a blaze from the sky by the shells of 187 pounds, which captures the admiration of officers and sailors remained on board the squadron, while an instinctive fear he inspired to three thousand men landing stacked on barges, and above the heads of passing all this diabolical shot

The city of Sfax, during that time, burned and blew up, not without difficulty, because the walls are terribly hard, and more a shell passed through the houses without damaging them severely. The Arabs called the city "Sfax Forte", and not without reason, because obviously, if European forces had defended this position, he had taken ten days and twenty thousand men to win.

The three battalions of marines landed the most important, those of Colbert, of Alma, and Queen Blanche, were commanded by captains ship who are the commanders of these buildings: Mr. Marcq Saint-Hilaire, Miot and Marquessac ; lieutenants, signs and aspirants completed the frames and energetically led the sailors 1.600.
The battalion of 1,200 infantry commanded by Colonel never sent from Rouen in Sfax solely for that purpose, approaching the shore on barges transport the "Sarthe. Rear-Admiral Conrad ran all under the command of Vice Admiral Garnault .

Meanwhile, the Arabs who were defending the city, numbering 3.500 to 4.000, fled to the impregnable gardens of Sfax where they were and still are, and only fanatics, estimated at 1,200, remained in self-defense melee as soon as their batteries grazing, armed with old rusty guns, would be in the hands of attackers.

The ramparts of the Medina were hard as iron and able to withstand heavy artillery. The Arabs were right to put their trust in these incredible fortifications and he must have seen them to understand everything than 1,200 Arab fanatics have learned.

Admiral Garnault, located near the shore on "Desaix" beckons to cease fire to eight hours, and immediately the big guns are silent and gunboats. The city is burning.
was the time to seize the farm and grazing of the Kasbah, located one right and one left the city, both in the sea

The landing occurs under a hail of bullets, the insurgents shoot at twenty meters. The officers of the land and sea then remove their troops, and a deadly load begins in a trench, two meters deep and protected by large bales of esparto, where Arabs were ambushed.

The first company of the 92nd line, Captain Bouringuer, then seizes the trench in a physical struggle of the brightest. His lieutenant, Mr. Marchand, and its Sub-Lieutenant, Mr. Dailly, fall seriously injured six men and seventeen were soon put out of action, while the Arabs of the trenches have lost thirty-seven men in a blink an eye.
The young soldiers of the 92nd, ahead of Manouba, are worthy of their elders, and everyone expects to Sfax, see the company from the 92nd to put the agenda of the army.

While infantrymen perform this feat, sailors placed to the right flock on the beach like real tigers grazing on the farm, they climb unabated, always losing the world and still slaughtering Arabs.
Without hesitation, a Quartermaster's "Trident" arrives on the summit of the redoubt and planted the flag of his canoe, he won without a word. The flag was riddled with bullets and the quartermaster drops dead, a victim of the traditions of old France.
It is immediately replaced by ten others sniped that the Arabs invaded their walls. Five hundred sailors turned the redoubt and battery grazing is taken. We shot a lot of insurgents who seek to flee, and the troops are masters of the place throughout its length.

Street War begins : Indeed, the first moment of terror, many Arabs have taken refuge in their cellars and from there they take repeated blows to the 136th, on the 71st, on the 93rd who, believing the city open, s 'advancing rapidly towards the top of the street, all going sloping towards the sea
soldiers, struck from behind, begin to fall in large numbers. We then searched the houses one by one, we will shoot everything found with weapons in hand, and a real hunt begins in Sfax Arabian desert, to continue three days longer.


The torpedo officer of the Queen White, M. Debrem, lieutenant, whose assistance has been invaluable, is charged with blowing up the gun-cotton blocks from where the Arabs defend to the death. This expedited process terrifies those who are not crushed, but they pray to a pardon.
Defending Sfax by the Arabs was heroic, as far as the bombing and the attack by our troops have been worthy of the finest feats of the African army.

should not be mistaken, making Sfax is an act of war far more important than anything that happened in Tunisia until that date.

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68 - The Capture of Sfax: a forgotten massacre by History (Part 2)

list and photos of major warships that participated in the Taking of Sfax.

The Trident (1876)

The Supervisor (1864)

The White Queen (1869)

The Galissonniere (1872)

L'Alma (1869)


the Intrepid (Ex-Valmy) (1847)

The Friedland (1876)


The Colbert (1875)

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67 - The Capture of Sfax: a Massacre forgotten by history (Part 1)

Upon surrender of the country Kroumirs, then in Tunis the capital of the regency and the signing of the Treaty of Bardo by Sadok Bey who established the French protectorate on the Regency, Mr. Roustan, the Resident General and with Using his generals took the first arrangements necessary to complete domination of the entire north of the Regency.

The few resistors went out every day, the tribes visited by the French army came to Aman and seek to fulfill the conditions imposed on them: disarmament, requiring the tribe to resume its usual camps or facilities, provision of mules for the transportation department of the French army allowance of 40 francs per tent to pay the Treasury by the tribes against which the Algerians, Europeans or natives had made claims based; commitment to pay , as a war contribution, such amount that the government would set a later date; delivery of refugees, prisoners, fugitives, dangerous people claimed by the French and delivery of hostages as security for the performance of these conditions.

Logerot General also undertook to punish certain border tribes, and he went on raids with 4 battalions cons fractions of Chihia, Beni-Mazen, Ouled Ali M'fodda the M'rassen and Ouchteta. He imposed harsh conditions, even carried with him hostage and inflicted great destruction to Ouchtetas.


The campaign was over: a few weeks, the French army managed to establish order in the country and his rule was recognized by the tribes submitted. The French Army therefore should not expect to be forced to soon resume the fight. But it is what happened.

For long months of Mokaddem of the religious order of Senoussia spread by millions across Africa who devote an implacable hatred for Christians travel
The south of Tunisia, preaching holy war and announcing the coming triumph of true believers .

Similarly, excited by the Turkish officials in Tripoli, Colonel "Amir Liwé" Sidi Ali Ben Khlifa (70 years) who is also the Kingpin of several localities in west-central refuses the Treaty of Bardo and even rebel against the authority of the Bey.

Despite attempts by the Bey of all tribes to rally around him by force or by corruption, Ben Ali Khlifa, aided by his brother Ben Hadj Salah Khlifa, arrived to have the allegiance of many tribes that are adhered to his cause, that of fighting French invaders.

In June 1881, Ali Bin Khalifa succeeded in bringing together the heads of the tribes of central and southern Tunisia and the most important religious leaders and influential men the country in the symbolic mosque "Okba Ibn Nefa" has Kairouan. Officially, the French Resistance against the invaders and authority Bey just been reported. Similarly

Khlifa Ali Ben turns to the Dey of Tripoli and the Turkish Sultan to request aid and weapons that are never going to insurgents.

Without waiting for the Turkish emergency, the Elderly and by his own tribe the Neffets, began to arm the insurgents and began a guerrilla war which lasted 4 years during which he held a series of commitments with the highly lethal contingents of Ali Bey.

The June 25, 1881 and with the help of the horsemen of the tribe Mhedhba Ali Ben Khlifa won a landslide victory against a group of soldiers of the Bey in the region of Sfax.
Encouraged by this victory, many other riders and Tunisian tribal warriors have joined the guerrillas and July 2, 1881, Ali bin Khalifa-Bey was even appointed as provisional capital with Sfax.

During the revolt of the city of Sfax, some Europeans were massacred, and foreigners as well as some notables including the Kingpin Local Djellouli had to take refuge on ships in the harbor.

Under the command of Vice Admiral Garnault, the squadron of the Mediterranean, had been go and take charge of Sfax and 14 July in the evening, the battleships "The Colbert " flagship, "the Trident", the "Marengo", "Friedland the ", " Surveillante " " Revenge "and" White Queen "," the Galissonière "and" Alma "gunboats" Pike "," the Jackal "," Leopard, "" the Hyena "and" Gladiator "; transport "Sarthe" and "Fearless" wet before the city of Sfax.

In the first days of July and after failed negotiations with the Arabs, the French squadron began bombing the city for all day to not stop until evening. At night, Arab repair and rebuild what the shells were demolished, but they were unable to resuscitate their many dead.

After an unsuccessful attempt on July 8, Friday 15 begins a slow bombardment with large pieces of fellows, while the gunboats over which pass in two stages, the shells of the squadron and division of Levant, seeking to demolish the defenses of the beach and make a breach in the wall. This first operation prepares the landing and the attack is ordered for tomorrow. Transport the Sarthe and the intrepid deus-drum provide canoes or barges flat sheet in which guns are installed that can approach very near the shore and contribute mightily to protect the landing.


At daybreak of Saturday, July 16, 1881 and according to all witnesses, a memorable bombardment, which lasted for two hours full flight, recalled the most frightening kind of entertainment, including nightly gunfire Cherbourg battleships served by the same, just a year ago.

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Quiz: North Station

These postcards, respectively from 1880, 1907 and 1908 represent the famous Tunisian Gare du Nord.

In what part of Tunis, it was this station located?

SOLUTION ----- -----

See also the commentary at the bottom of Rumi and the article on wikipedia: TGM

Photo Station North Passage in the current