The emergence of Zionism, the movement of both national affirmation of Jewish emigration to Palestine and, further complicated relations between Jewish, Muslim and French. All combinations are possible. The Tunisian Jews who were interested in a Jewish state (a minority for that matter) could stand against the Alliance Israelite who had abandoned the culture of the Jewish spirit in favor of French education, build loyalty to the France to get support in Palestine or advisor to learn Jewish Tunisian Arabic, the official language in Tunisia as well as in Palestine.
Young Tunisians could denounce Zionism as anti-Jewish company (an illusion of French Jews to incorporate in the army) or anti-Arab (Young Tunisians did not fail to spread this rumor as soon as it was for deliver Jerusalem to the Jews that France had killed so many native soldiers). Having noted this, the Resident General was awarded the silence of a Zionist organization in the talks and decided to "wrap" another. "France has interests that Muslims must strike. This is what compels a formal reservation with regard to Zionism. " The French anti-Semitic
seized the opportunity instead to leave the reserve: a Zionist flag flown at the party to victory in November 1918 was torn in a fight between Jews and French. Bands of soldiers took the incident as the starting signal for a night of looting in the Hara Tunis, one inhabitant was killed. After the violence of that night, began by condemning the Driba an Israelite to three months in prison for assault, while the trial against four Muslims dragged for theft and violence. In the trial for the murder of an Israelite, the guilt of the defendants showed any data information, but "brilliant argument" of the two French lawyers Tunsien and led to an acquittal.
The climate that created these incidents was certainly not favorable to a rapprochement between Muslims and Jewish people. But he brought from both sides, intellectuals to recognize the need for such reconciliation to change the colonial regime who took advantage of the division. You could not see the expectation of participating in Jewish nationalism tinged with religious zeal that was sometimes observed among Muslims, but by cons, there was room for them in the efforts to amend the plan of the Protectorate with the support of French liberals. It is along these lines that the thirty notable Israelites present (according Khairallah) at the first meeting pre-Destour, would have posted some of mouvement.Or Israelites continued to play an active role as the lawyer Albert Bessis, which housed some subsequent meetings.
The statutes of the "Liberal Party" included participation of Tunisian Jews as well as Muslims. Another Jewish lawyer, Jacques Scemama, was among the defenders of Thaalbi, and we saw a third, Elie Zirah, participate in the second delegation in Paris. Meanwhile, his colleague Uzan Elie was a member of the delegation of quarante.Les Bessis and Scemama were influential families, but their members were acting pro-Destour rather individually.
In a similar way, ten Jewish notables founded, together with ten Muslims, the weekly New Constitutionalist Tunisia in October 1920. The steering committee would have included among others Dr Boulakia representing Israelite Consultative Conference, and Guellaty, Ben Jilani Romdane, Nooman and Djaibe. This committee, known as a "Jewish-Muslim Union, soon to collapse after" heated arguments ".
The newspaper ceased publication under the auspices of the Joint Committee and be printed by "The Renaissance" at the end of 1920. A few scattered numbers appeared again, under the direction of a young Jewish bank clerk, without participation of Muslims, but with sympathy for them. There was no question of "Judeo-Islamic Union" thereafter, but in 1920 the Destour would have tried to recruit members by offering them a Jewish Torah instead of the Koran to be sworn. What made
Rare constitutionalists Israelites was their isolation within their religious community. The Jews took care of any hostility towards the Protectorate which improved their living conditions. Even those who demanded the constitution did so only to obtain a more liberal regime, without ulterior motive of independence later. So it was more than oratorical if Tunisia stressed that the new constitution would be held under the Protectorate, and that the ultimate goal is the good understanding between both Tunisian and French between Tunisian and Jews.
Another Jewish newspaper expressed hope that the constitution administrative posts open to Jews. But others criticized Tunisia New declaring any "Jewish-Muslim unity 'impossible because of religious differences, or condemning the name of Judaism in Tunisia ... young giddy that does not engage the Jewish masses, quiet and peaceful foreign shadowy maneuvers of a small clan Gallophobia.
According publications known as "Balek Rodd, رد بالك" Jews were wary of the advances that they were Arab newspapers and relied on the French to ensure their peace despite anti-Semitism the right. The administration was making efforts to extricate themselves from this anti-Semitism. A violent film, which did not hesitate to speak of "youtrons" or "parasites that we crush" was banned in 1920. It spared the Israelites clearly Francophiles. Alliance Israelite also received it, in 1916, a grant for its "patriotic and educational."
It was found that the Jews of Tunis show some sort of sadness of the disrepute into which the French hold; to give signs of sympathy equal to that enjoyed by Muslims, the resident decides to reward the Legion of Honor "attitude most clearly French" Grand Rabbi deceased during the war. The decoration posthumously proved impossible, the choice fell on the President of the Hebrew Benevolent Fund, which organized subscriptions for relief work and French loans.
The idea reappeared to give the Israelites the French courts, as a response to the attempt Jewish-Muslim tried against us by the Young Tunisians. It was impossible because the system of the Protectorate, but it could facilitate the naturalization of individual Jews in the interest of the influence and French power in Tunisia, given the slowness of French colonization.
It will in fact observed especially Jews use from 1923 of new possibilities for naturalization, in principle also available to Muslims.
Another aspect of Judeo-Islamic reforms "native policy" was the Chamber of Commerce Native. According to its first president, M'hamed Chenik, the idea was to thwart the administration of the existing animosities placing Muslims and Jews in the same room. But the result was rather closer thanks to good personal intelligences. Business enterprises joint, far from being normal, were not excluded. On the other hand, is the 1920 date that the rise of grocery Jerbans at the expense of Israel.
END.
Bibliography:
- Tunis in the 19th Century (part 2): Marginality and Social Change - Abdelhamid Larguèche
- Algeria and Tunisia - Alfred Baraudon
- History of North Africa (Barbary) - Since the ancient times until the French conquest - Ernest MERCIER
Description - Northern Africa - El Bakri
- Ancient History of North Africa - Stéphane Gsell
- History of French institutions and trade in Africa's Barbary (1560-1793) (Algeria, Tunisia, Tripoli, Morocco) - Paul Masson
- Tunis, Description of the Regency - Dr. Louis Frank
- Tunisia - Albert Shoreline
- Europeans in Tunis in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries - Ahmed Saad
- The other through the French newspaper La Tunisia - Hassan El-Annabi
- Payment or annexation - For crossing paths of Tunisian history - Daniel Goldstein
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