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74 - The Conquest of Tunis by the Turks (part 2)

The fleet first presented to Bizerte, and received the warmest welcome, the people even offered to Admiral to join him to cooperate for the success of the company, but declined their proposal Barbarossa and hurried back to sea, confident that in all circumstances the success of a project still depends on how quickly they bring to the perform.

The day after his departure from Bizerte, Barbarossa cast anchor off La Goulette. Barbarossa's troops consist of 1,800 Janissaries, 6500 Greeks and 600 Turks and Albanians renegades, most Spaniards. As for the fleet, she was strong of 84 galleys, but six were returned to Constantinople, ten others were sent to Algiers, Bone and fifteen to fifteen Bizerte; first Barbarossa, eighteen have been disarmed, so that only twenty, with seven large vessels brought from the island of Djerba by Sinan, take the sea and cross in front of La Goulette.

Immediately, the rumor spread in Tunis that the Prince Rachid "the son of the Negress" was on board the squadron, and that the intention of the Ottoman Porte was to restore the throne of his father , criminally usurped by Moulay Hassan. This noise, skillfully propagated by agents of Barbarossa, soon assumed the consistency of a new official and produced a great effect on the minds of the population already tired of the existing government. She took up arms, rushed to the palace of Moulay Hassan, drove him out of town and sent on a deputation to Barbarossa, to offer its bid and ask him to invite Rachel to come and take possession of supreme power.
Moulay Hassan picked up all its treasures, and taking with him his wife, his children and his most trusty servants, he retired the side in the middle of Jarîd Arabs.

Barbarossa, pleased with the success of his trick, leads arrives August 16, 1534, in haste the 9,000 troops he had brought with him, drives them to Tunis, where he quickly crosses the suburbs and short seize the Kasbah, where he becomes stronger.

However, impatience won the townspeople, and they suspect this betrayal, stir, gather and loudly demanded their new sovereign.
Barbarossa decided, he announces to the city that The Blessed Hafs have ceased to reign, and that it is no longer with them, but the delegate of the Porte that they must obey, and which he represents.

Realizing that they were played, Tunisians secretly sent word that he could return Moulay Hassan, and all they would meet him to help hunt Turks.

August 18 1534 Barbarossa appeared early in the morning, before the gate of Al-Jazeera with 4.500 men at the same time, Moulay Hassan was coming in the opposite suburb, followed by 4,000 Arab horsemen. The Tunisians had taken up arms and tumultuously assembled, calling loudly for the king, but the Arabs would not support further Moulay Hassan, and stopped in the suburbs. The king entered alone in the city where the Turks had just entered through another door.
Throughout the day, they fought in the streets. First, people had the advantage. Many Turks were isolated massacred, and others driven into the citadel that Tunisians thronged from all sides. The next day, Barbarossa ordered a re-release: 1800 renegade Janissaries and rushed into the city, their muskets and Tunisians did wonders fled in disorder. Continuing their victory through the streets, the Turks entered the houses and killed all those inside: 3000 Tunisians, men, women and children perished in this sad day and 600 were injured as the Turks their losses are much below.

Finally, the people submitted themselves to Barbarossa and recognized him as king. During that this was happening in the city, outside Moulay Hassan, who joined the Arabs, was in great danger. Seeing that the Turks were the strongest, his savage auxiliaries wanted to deliver the Barbarossa, and it was not without difficulty that Moulay Hassan managed to escape.

deposed Sultan had more resources than among Arabs, and they, indeed, were very numerous and powerful. Khaireddine then tried to lure them to his party by appealing to their greed and avarice.
He wrote to the principal Sheikhs of Drid and Nememchas, sending them hooded, sheets and present, and that of them who could seize the Sultan El-Hafsi and bring him, would receive a reward of thirty thousand ducats, while on the contrary that would protect his escape, he would incur further outrage would suffer his vengeance.

The Arabs replied that the Sultans of the family of Beni Hafs were wont to give them every year since time immemorial subsidies agreed cash and food, and if Khaireddine wanted to undergo the same purposes, they would switch to its service .
Khaireddine, satisfied with this opening, they did say that he was willing to pay them royalties set for them, provided, however, they would not do no wrong in his subjects, and they make their camps on the edges of the Sahara or in the plains far from towns. Accordingly, he invited him to bring their records to take note of what he was up to each of them annually, and to ensure that they received and what could be their duty even for the current year, for the Arabs take great care to preserve the authentic documents which state their rights and privileges, and keep an accurate account of payments made to or by the government, at the times determined by usage.

Arab sheiks began to demonstrate their goodwill by withdrawing Djérid in and they sent their records to Khaireddine. The Pasha made the observation when they had nothing more to expect the government for the current year, and he assured them that next spring they would only stand to receive their Awayed (right and of the custom).
In addition, and to instill more confidence, he sent each of the Arab sheiks who had rights to the benefits of government, a teskere (ticket) sealed with his seal, and specifying the sum due to him, with the Order of payment. This generosity on his part favorably disposed the minds of Arabs and put them in his interests.

So this was a return to political power in its wake the Arab tribes (Drid and Nememchas) who still held in Moulay Hassan. Other tribes imitated their example, and also received generous gifts.

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73 - The Conquest of Tunis by the Turks (1st part)

We are in 1525, the dynasty of the Bani Hafs, whose foundation dates back to the year 1228 had provided for more than three centuries a long series of princes, under the government of which the kingdom of Tunis had counted number of states flourished in the Muslim world. This dynasty touched at the end of his prosperity, and its fall was even coming. However Mohamed Moulay still maintained dignity reputation of his ancestors, but we sensed that after him, no prince could bear, without wavering, the weight of such a glorious heritage

Moulay Mohamed had several children by his various wives. Because of the rivalry between mothers of princes, he was obliged to hold shut his eldest son Mamun, extremely vicious man to prevent him from committing parricide.
So he designated as his successor his son Moulay Hassan at the expense of his elder brother, thanks to the intrigues of his mother, ambitious woman, who cherished this purpose now.

So at his death in the year 1525, his youngest son, Moulay Hassan, was empowered, in violation of the right of his brothers. No sooner has he installed on the throne, that, thinking of getting rid of all competitors, Moulay Hassan ordered the assassination of his brothers. Two were sacrificed his jealous fears, the third Rashid, son of a black slave, escaped and took refuge near Abdallah, head of a powerful Arab tribe, whose daughter he married.

Moulay Hassan was not mistaken about the desertion of his brother, he predicted he would soon be attacked. But to minimize the ways he feared treachery around him, he hid his fears. Then one day he met at a banquet all his relatives: brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts, cousins, and all those who, near or far, had blood in his veins Royal Tunisian pretext of their to celebrate and strengthen their union.

At the end of the meal, when he had counted and that he was sure that not one was missing, he was grabbed, put out the eyes of all males, whatever their age and enclose all women in prisons guarded.

the news of this unprecedented cruelty, Rachid, brother fugitive, began to lead the army of his stepfather, and raises most of the tribes he can, but not thinking himself strong enough he sent to ask for help Khaireddine Barbarossa, who had acquired great power, perhaps unconsciously, by the founding of the regency of Algiers.

Khaireddine Barbarossa welcomed the outcast with marked, and soon learned the great benefit he could derive from this circumstance, to help achieve its proposed annexation of the territories from Tunis state that had already conquered, he persuaded the prince to go with him to Constantinople, or his name, his reputation and his credit he would easily obtain the means to support their just claims to the throne of Tunisia.

Rashid, full of confidence in these false assurances, followed Barbarossa to Constantinople. There, the wily pirate easily persuaded the Sultan Suleiman the conquest of Tunis would be easily achievable through the division of parties, and that would be enough to rally them and dominate them, ostensibly to take up the cause of the pretender.

On-the-field preparations for the expedition began, and some time later, a formidable fleet, under command Barbarossa himself, left the Bosporus and sailed to the coast of Africa. When she sailed, Rashid, who until then had kept complete faith in the promises of its two powerful patrons, found himself treacherously arrested by their orders, then thrown into a state prison, from where he was no longer out.

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Queyras population in the nineteenth century (Dictionary of Historical and Cultural Queyras)



in the delivery of the second quarter of 1908 of Bulletin of the Society for the Study of the Hautes-Alpes (Gap, 27th year Third Series, No. 26), Father Paul Guillaume, in an article entitled "Population changes of Hautes-Alpes in the nineteenth century , "Published in tables, counts five-year population by commune and district from 1796 to 1906, compiling the results of censuses taken place between two dates (every five years, except between 1806 and 1826, in 1817 and 1820) and are kept in the departmental archives of Gap. It adds to these official figures the two estimates from 1698 and 1790. The conclusion comes down to this observation:
"From reviewing the results of each count, it is easy to see as the population increases rapidly during the first half of the nineteenth century, at least until 1846 or 1851, but beginning this last time, the motion becomes retrograde and the population decreases to a considerable extent. "

What is true of the Hautes-Alpes is also the township of Needles (Queyras history), where the decay of the population starts rather than in the rest of the department. From Census 1836 (7577 inhabitants cons 7637 five years earlier), the Queyras is steadily losing its population. A careful examination of these figures by district, highlights the very special case shelter, which was the most populated municipality Queyras in the early nineteenth century and whose population has changed in significant proportions in several occasions, sometimes halving or by passing the double. In 1801, the town has 1815 inhabitants. But five years later, she has only 981 inhabitants. Nearly half the population of 1801 has disappeared between censuses. In 1817, the population has hardly increased compared to 1806 and is of 1071 inhabitants. Three years later, in 1820, the town found some residents near the level of 1801 demographics and Abriès is populated by 1803 inhabitants. These abrupt changes recurrence. In 1826, 1868 people are surveyed. Five years later, in 1831, they are more than 1051. But in 1836, the level reached a decade earlier is almost solved: 1829 inhabitants.
In 1846, depopulation began. A shelter, are recorded 1726 inhabitants. Five years later, they are more than 938 and in 1856 their number increased by almost 60% to 1528 people. These variations are apparent to the following censuses: in 1861, 856 inhabitants in 1866, 1202 inhabitants in 1871, 1204 inhabitants in 1876, 782 inhabitants. Then, the population decline is steady, smoothly, until the population fall in 1968 below 200.

Can we explain these erratic counts, and if so, how? Note that these abrupt changes do not find needles, except between 1886 and 1891, where the population rose from 558 to 407 inhabitants in 1896 to regain the level of 515 inhabitants, but this variation is explained by the fires that destroyed the village in 1889 and 1891. Counts of the population in other municipalities Queyras do not like variations, except Castle Old Town, whose population rose from 1128 to 991 inhabitants between 1796 and 1801, then from 991 to 1248 inhabitants between 1801 and 1806; and then from 1264 to 1876 to 1337 inhabitants between 1817 and 1826. Molines, Ristolas, Saint-Veran are down almost as regularly population, with occasional sudden variations, as in Saint-Veran, with a population estimated at 669 inhabitants in 1826 grew to 800 inhabitants in 1831 and 1836 , to 831 inhabitants.

Several hypotheses can be advanced to account for these variations. It is possible that surveys were not conducted in the same season. In this case, the sharp declines are due to the absence in the villages of seasonal migrants are brutal and ski straight to the date the census was conducted. These errors of enumeration, are always possible, are not the determining factor, since sudden changes mainly affect Abriès. We know that this county has suffered the highest rate of population decline between 1831 and 1960 and in 1968 she had lost 90% of its population of 1836. The extent of depopulation can be explained by overcrowding of the county, which was the seventeenth and eighteenth century most prosperous Queyras (see Harriet Rosenberg). Rather than seeking the causes of this phenomenon, it is better to accept it as it is and conclude at the very high population mobility shelter, which its farmers have long practiced transhumance reverse and maintained for centuries of relations with the inhabitants of the Piedmont valleys and were versed in subtleties of trading. It was enough of a bad harvest and a brutal evolution of markets for a portion of the population moves away from the village for some time and look elsewhere for revenue honorable.