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Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (historical and cultural dictionary)

The Edict of Nantes (1598) was revoked in October 1685 by the Edict of Fontainebleau.

But first, for nearly sixty years, it has been slowly eroded. After 1620, ten years after death of Henry 1V, under the regency of Marie de Medici, then under Louis XIII and Richelieu, the provisions of the Edict of Nantes are no longer respected. Protestants are forced to gradually give up their rights. Bluche Francis, in his book Louis XIV (Fayard, 1986), § "The persecution of heretics," in Chapter XXI, "National unity, religious unity," p 598 and following, review all laws, policies, edicts that preceded the reign of Louis XIV's edict of Fontainebleau, which enshrines the law a "state of affairs." Since that date, it is supposed no longer be any Protestants in the kingdom, the law granted to them by the Edict of Nantes has no raison d'etre. In October 1685, Louis XIV forbade the public exercise of the "RPR" and requires pastors who would not converted within two weeks, to leave France. Protestant children were baptized, educated and reared in the Roman religion, and to recover their property, migrants have a period of four months. The prohibitions are recalled to emigrate "just for men in the galleys and confiscation of body and goods for women."

Many Protestants hostile measures were taken between 1659 and 1664: the temples were destroyed or closed, a few remaining clauses of the Edict of Nantes was interpreted "strictly speaking, Catholic missions were sent to cities and villages remained faithful to the Reformation, a credit conversion has awarded bonuses to the Protestants who, renouncing, faced obstacles of money, Bibles and catechisms were intended to Protestants. It

in 1679 saw the start of persecution themselves: severe penalties provided cons and the renegade apostates, abjurations regulated in a binding manner, suppression of rooms mid-portions of the parliaments of Toulouse and Grenoble, to ban any Catholic to a Protestant. In November, a royal act calls on judges to get to the bedside to try to convert them. The profession of midwifery is prohibited Protestant. In 1681, Louvois authorizes the Poitou dragonnades: the obligation to house soldiers is imposed on Protestants, the "new converts" being exempted for two years. In June, the king decided that the children of Protestants will choose Catholicism at the age of 7 years, depending on the age of reason the Church, and that parents have no right to be educated abroad. In 1681 and 1682, the dragonnades multiply. The clauses of the Edict of Nantes are applied more and more restrictive. During the summer, the temples were demolished for two or three a week. The Protestant bastards must be reared according to the principles of Catholic authority. Any migration is forbidden to sailors and craftsmen Protestants. Access to the professions of lawyer, attorney, judicial officer, sergeant, assistant assessor, and justice is not the Protestants. It is prohibited to Protestants to leave the kingdom, property offenders are confiscated. They are forbidden to assemble outside the temples and without the presence of pastors. Are assigned to hospitals goods they have donated or bequeathed to the poor. In March 1682, provides an edict banning of any reform minister who had received a Catholic convert. From May, in each temple is a place reserved for police informants of the king. In June, it was decided that the children of new converts were instructed in the Catholic religion. In 1684, legislation took place: ban private worship or illegal, prohibition against pastors to exercise more than three years in one place: the Presbytery is reduced pace: they can be held in the presence of a royal judge. Protestants can not be selected as experts. Reformed worship is banned in the communities that comprise less than ten families. In 1685, the competence of some judges reformed according to the parliament of Metz is limited, there are penalties against pastors "who are suffering in the temples of the people that the king has forbidden to accept" the French have more the right to marry abroad to places of worship where the pastors have officiated at many marriages are destroyed, and the Protestants have no right to initiate servants Catholics are prohibited from being clerks judge or lawyer, then the bar is forbidden. They can not attend worship outside the bailiwick of their residence. They are forbidden to preach, to write works of controversy, publishing books on theology. The medical profession is forbidden them, the pastors can not remain within six miles of the prohibited places of worship. Protestant children may not have guardians as Catholics. Half the property of emigrants is vested in their wrongdoings.

In 1665, in Queyras, nearly two hundred heads of families have abjured, making fact waive their families to the Reformation: "Many Catholic missionaries had been sent in Queyras, assisted by the priests, the royal power and the lure of benefits that were made to the converted, they had some success (Tivolier, Queyras, op cited, p. 387). To the chagrin of his co-religionists, a pastor Abriès back into the fold of the Church. In 1681, the two consuls Abriès which for a century, were selected among Protestants are Catholics again.

Four years later, in 1685, the temples were razed Queyras. Pastors of Arvieux and shelter rather prefer to go abroad that adjure. Many faithful followers. This is the beginning of a significant emigration of Protestant Queyrassins to Switzerland and the Palatinate in Germany. Protestants of the Dauphiné, from Veynes, Gap, Embrun, through the Queyras to reach Switzerland by the Waldensian valleys of Piedmont and trying to avoid the very Catholic Savoy. In August and September 1685, a regiment confined in the Queyras. The soldiers were ordered to abjure the population. Just as the believer is a sign in a church for conversion is established. According to Abbe Pierre Berge, "Some Protestants pretended conversion, but the timing they chose emigrate and abandon their property rather than practicing the Catholic religion to which they had acceded to that mouth and within the scope of threats "(quoted by E. Bellon, in Scattered to the winds, p 39).
In October 1685, when the Edict of Nantes is revoked, the troops are kept in the Queyras. Their maintenance is charged to residents. The church of Saint-Pierre Abriès is restored, enlarged and beautified. Increasingly many Protestants who choose to emigrate. Between 1685 and 1690, some three hundred people leaving shelter for residence in Switzerland or Germany. Often their goods are confiscated and given to firm to good Catholics.

In the eighteenth century, there were some Protestants in the shelter and hamlets in the valley and Molines Arvieux. Like other Protestants of the kingdom, they worship in a clearing in a meadow or withdrawn. The edict of tolerance signed by Louis XVI in 1787 makes Protestants freedom of worship.

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Historical Milestones (historical and cultural dictionary)


Gallo-Roman

It seems that the Queyras was inhabited before the beginning of the Gallo-Roman times. The copper mine of Saint-Veran, now disused, was operated in the late Neolithic, at the time said chalchéolithique's (copper age), there are four thousand years. In Gallo-Roman, the Queyras is inhabited by a Celtic-Ligurian people (that is to say, the Gallic) is known as the Latin Quariates (pronounced kwaryatès), whose modern name derives Queyras. Quariates is the name the Romans gave to this people, probably from their Gallic name, believed, rightly, that it was formed on the root cairn, which means "rock", "Rockpile . Another word of Gallic origin appears in place names or place names of Queyras: bric's, which means "mountain", which is found in Bric Froid, Bric Bouchet and the etymology of shelter (* ad bricos). Quariates name is attested in the inscriptions. It is engraved on the triumphal arch erected at Susa's (in Italy, at the base of the neck of Mongenèvre) in the year 8 BC. King Cottius in honor of Emperor Augustus. It also appears on an engraved stone, later used as a lintel in a chapel Escoyères, hamlet of the commune of Arvieux and seems to have been the place from which have made the romanization and the evangelization of Queyras. On this stone partially truncated, you can read a Latin inscription, whose text has been reconstituted following which a man named Albanus Bussulus was prefect of Quariates and Brigiani, people who lived in the valley Briancon.


Middle Ages

In 1050, the Briançon is given in fief to the counts of Albon, the Viennese dolphins and it is integrated into the independent Kingdom of Dauphine. It is then formed by five, say "escartons, which correspond to constituents: the Briançon, Queyras, and three valleys, which are Italian since 1713, namely the valley of the Dora Riparia (Oulx, Sestriere, Exilles) val Clusone (Pragelati, Fenestrelle), the upper valley Varaita (Casteldelfino - in French Chateau Dauphin - Pontechianale), which, together, formed the Grand Escarton. Each of these escartons is composed of communities, also called "universities". The Queyras were seven: Ristolas, shelter, Needles, Old Town, Arvieux, Moline, Saint-Veran. In 1343, the Dauphin Humbert II, which is short of money, following the long and ruinous wars he waged against Savoy and his active participation in the crusades, sells five communities escartons a charter of freedoms and privileges. By paying 12,000 gold florins and an annual pension of 4000 ducats, people become "free and bourgeois." Of civil liberties granted them. Thus, they meet to deliberate freely of their business and their elected representatives, called "consuls." They have the right to hunt and, consequently, that of bearing arms. In fact, the five escartons have long formed what some have called (erroneously) a Federal Republic, which reportedly exhibited similarities with the democratic organization of Swiss cantons.
In 1349, the cash requirements of the Dauphin Humbert II have not been satisfied, the Dauphine is transferred to the King of France. Dauphine becomes a province, whose history is intertwined soon then with that of France. In Briançon and Queyras, the escartons are maintained, the people who managed to preserve the rights and freedoms they had paid six years ago and loved where they continued to pay an annual rent.


s sixteenth, seventeenth century, eighteenth century

The Queyras is marred by numerous conflicts, religious and political. Supporters of Peter Waldo Lyon (and nominated for this Vaudois), which advocated the twelfth century to reform the church to which he accused of losing interest in the poor, seeking to escape persecution, and for that, seek refuge in valleys remote areas of the Alps, which, in Piedmont, and those Pellice Germanasca adjacent Abriès and Ristolas. It may be under their influence that Queyrassins the middle of the XVI c., belong overwhelmingly (80%, say historians) to proposals for reform of the Church, such as Luther and Calvin have made, and become So Protestants (see "wars of religion" and "Protestantism"). Disturbances take place from 1557 to 1598. Episodically, they turn into battles. Churches and temples are burned; families massacred. The Edict of Nantes, Edict of Tolerance says, puts an end to conflicts.
In 1685, following the repeal of the edict (see "Recall"), decided by Louis XIV, under the influence, it seems, Madame de Maintenon, many Queyrassins are forced to renounce Protestantism. A number of them, about 10%, says it does, refuse and prefer to take refuge in Switzerland and the Palatinate, where some swarmed to the United States or South Africa ( cf. "emigration" and "immigrants"). Notion continue to practice in secret, at night and in the mountains, worship prohibited.
Throughout the seventeenth century, and until 1713 and even in 1748, France conducted extensive wars against various European countries or vice versa. In the war against the League of Augsburg from 1690 to 1696, militiamen Vaud, fighting for the Duke of Savoy, and appointed "Vallarins" and "Barbets" in Archives of Queyras, crossing the border repeatedly , loot and burn villages, kill people in order to avenge the Protestant victims of abuse. Troops of the King of France have often crossed the Queyras, or have long parked or in camps Furfande, or the Wheel, is among residents. They are forced to provide timber, fodder, grain, cattle, mules armies (bonds called the stage and the neighborhood). In 1699, a public inquiry, intended to revise the "fires", from which the tax is established, shows a general impoverishment of Queyrassins, which led to the departure of several families to regions less ungrateful.
In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht alter the border between France and Piedmont. A natural route is chosen, called "peak water pending," which corresponds to the line of the watershed. Valleys whose waters flow east and the Adriatic returning to Piedmont, those whose waters flow into the Mediterranean, France. Grand Escarton, which straddles the New Frontier, is dismantled: the three escartons d'Oulx, Val Chisone and Casteldelphino become Piedmont. A great cultural and historic entity is destroyed.
The Revolution abolished the old institutions, and community escarton, replaced by those who are still in force, the municipality and the canton.


nineteenth and twentieth centuries

In 1831, there are seven municipalities in more than 7600 inhabitants. This is probably the highest figure in the history of Queyras. Since then, the population continues to decline (see "Demographics"). In 1881, the Queyrassins are more than 5032. Today, their number does not exceed 2000. In a century and a half, the population fell by nearly 80%.
From 1833 to 1855, a road is built in the valley of the Guil, Guillestre to Abriès. It replaces the old mule trails qu'empruntent sometimes hikers today. Between 1905 and 1911, the portion of the road between Guillestre and La Maison du Roy, is moved and set into the cliff of the Gorges, which requires the drilling of four tunnels. Therefore, it can easily be borrowed from cars and buses. Queyras is no longer isolated from the Durance valley, which, paradoxically, made the exodus easier.
During the war of 1914-1918, more than two hundred young Queyrassins die at the front. Queyras counting about 4000 inhabitants, is 5% of the population disappears young men who will not be replaced. For the Queyras is a real tragedy that highlights the demographic decline (see "Demographics").
Between 1940 and 1960, the Queyras is affected by a succession of calamities which have so long marked its history: In 1940, occupation of La Monta, Ristolas Le Roux by the Italian army in 1940 and 1944, during fighting, burning of villages to shelter, Monta, of Ristolas, Roux. Close three-quarters of the town houses of shelter are destroyed. In 1948, an avalanche destroyed the hamlet of Echalp, killing several people. In 1957, a catastrophic flood of the Guil River and its tributaries destroyed roads, bridges, washed away houses, barns, herds.
In 1950, the Queyras is transformed into a "zone control". The goal is to renovate the agriculture and livestock. Credits, subsidies, grants are awarded to the Queyras. In vain. The agro-pastoral economy which was founded during the millennia Queyras is disappearing, and even in some villages, it disappeared. In
1970s, is created under the leadership of Mr. Philippe Lamour, Parc Naturel Régional du Queyras, which includes seven municipalities historical, which have been added commune Ceillac, the natural reserve of the Val d'Escreins (Common vars) and the Gorges du Guil, located on the common and Guillestre Eygliers. The population continues to decline, and even increases significantly, and sometimes in large proportions, over 50% in shelter (see "demographic change"). The primary economic activity became tourism. Queyras traditional shepherds, reapers, fruit, cheese makers, the chalets estive gradually gives way to another Queyras, very different, that of winter sports resorts and hiking paths.

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Queyras in 1882 and 1887


In 1882, VA Malte-Brun publishes illustrated , France, work in which dozens of pages are devoted to the Hautes-Alpes (history, geography, statistics, administration). In 1887, editor J. Migeon, France publishes a book, also illustrated and aimed at the general public, which are identified in the sights of the various departments.

In these works, the few pages devoted to the Hautes-Alpes are interesting, insofar as they reveal how the high valleys were then collected and presented to readers. Thus, the authors emphasize the isolation of this department, "the less populated" of France and then its consequences: economic development, so there was hampered both by a population too small and especially by the lack of channels communication: "There are five national highways, county roads and 1225 six lanes. None of the rivers are navigable or floatable. " In 1882 the railway line linking Gap Briançon was not yet built. A century later, the isolation of the Hautes-Alpes (which is no longer the least populated department of France) is still not completely broken, although development specialists advocating in vain for years the construction of four-lane roads or highways linking Gap to Briancon and Italy, the valleys of the Romanche, Isère, Rhone.

The main resources of the inhabitants were derived from livestock, mainly of sheep, and operation of some mines. The authors of these works note the reduction of forest areas "The forests there used to have largely disappeared, but the last ten years steps have been taken for afforestation, the main species that compose them are pines, firs, larches and beeches. Among the densest forests, cited the forest and that of Ceillac Marassan, which covers the municipalities of shelter and Needles. According

Malte Brun, there are two curiosities (or scenic spots that attract tourists and recommends a visit) in the Queyras: Hands and Chateau-Ville-Vieille. Needles is "built like an amphitheater on the slope of a hillside foot of which the Guil (...). In front of this town lies the forest Maressant, who was for six centuries (thirteenth to the nineteenth) the subject of a lawsuit between the towns of Needles and shelter. An arbitration award, upheld by the civil court of Briançon and the Court of Appeal of Grenoble has set limits for a stone called Blanchironosus. We still argue about this marker Needle and shelter "(cf." trial between communities "). Château-Ville-Vieille is a "village of 911 inhabitants, divided into two parts. The castle stands on the edge of a cliff that bathes the Guil. Above portal soars high square tower. This castle of feudal origin, is considered the covered way of Briançon.

Sights Queyras, identified in the book by Migeon, are more numerous. This is a Needle "Druid stone known as Peter's profile" in Arvieux "a Benedictine monastery, while ruins and Roman inscription in the hamlet of Escoyères" Château-Ville-Vieille has two cities: "the One, the Château-Queyras, which overlooks the fort of the same name, the other the Old Town, at the confluence of the White and Guil Aquamarine "to Molines en Queyras "a beautiful church, a pilgrimage to the chapel of Saint-Simon, located at 2200 meters, natural needles or scales, terminated by a block marking the height from the ground once" to Ristolas "several lakes unimportant "and" recently unearthed a tomb containing weapons and various objects Celtic "Saint-Veran," the highest village in France, to over 2000 meters elevation. What

hold the authors of these works and partial and approximate what they think need to be communicated to the public, these are curiosities, and the results the work of scholars of the nineteenth century archeology buffs, topography, place names (or the study of place names), epigraphy, inventories. These works form a knowledge dated, which seems to have become obsolete and no longer interested in much of academia today, except as curiosities. The Queyras in , J. Tivollier cites among these scholars A. Albert, JA Chabrand, A. Rochas of Aiglun, J. Novel, Tournier, Fl Valentin.