Thursday, September 20, 2007
Tuesday, August 21, 2007
White Desert Eagles Price
66 - History of Jews in the Regency of Tunis (10th Party)
The emergence of Zionism, the movement of both national affirmation of Jewish emigration to Palestine and, further complicated relations between Jewish, Muslim and French. All combinations are possible. The Tunisian Jews who were interested in a Jewish state (a minority for that matter) could stand against the Alliance Israelite who had abandoned the culture of the Jewish spirit in favor of French education, build loyalty to the France to get support in Palestine or advisor to learn Jewish Tunisian Arabic, the official language in Tunisia as well as in Palestine.
Young Tunisians could denounce Zionism as anti-Jewish company (an illusion of French Jews to incorporate in the army) or anti-Arab (Young Tunisians did not fail to spread this rumor as soon as it was for deliver Jerusalem to the Jews that France had killed so many native soldiers). Having noted this, the Resident General was awarded the silence of a Zionist organization in the talks and decided to "wrap" another. "France has interests that Muslims must strike. This is what compels a formal reservation with regard to Zionism. " The French anti-Semitic
seized the opportunity instead to leave the reserve: a Zionist flag flown at the party to victory in November 1918 was torn in a fight between Jews and French. Bands of soldiers took the incident as the starting signal for a night of looting in the Hara Tunis, one inhabitant was killed. After the violence of that night, began by condemning the Driba an Israelite to three months in prison for assault, while the trial against four Muslims dragged for theft and violence. In the trial for the murder of an Israelite, the guilt of the defendants showed any data information, but "brilliant argument" of the two French lawyers Tunsien and led to an acquittal.
The climate that created these incidents was certainly not favorable to a rapprochement between Muslims and Jewish people. But he brought from both sides, intellectuals to recognize the need for such reconciliation to change the colonial regime who took advantage of the division. You could not see the expectation of participating in Jewish nationalism tinged with religious zeal that was sometimes observed among Muslims, but by cons, there was room for them in the efforts to amend the plan of the Protectorate with the support of French liberals. It is along these lines that the thirty notable Israelites present (according Khairallah) at the first meeting pre-Destour, would have posted some of mouvement.Or Israelites continued to play an active role as the lawyer Albert Bessis, which housed some subsequent meetings.
The statutes of the "Liberal Party" included participation of Tunisian Jews as well as Muslims. Another Jewish lawyer, Jacques Scemama, was among the defenders of Thaalbi, and we saw a third, Elie Zirah, participate in the second delegation in Paris. Meanwhile, his colleague Uzan Elie was a member of the delegation of quarante.Les Bessis and Scemama were influential families, but their members were acting pro-Destour rather individually.
In a similar way, ten Jewish notables founded, together with ten Muslims, the weekly New Constitutionalist Tunisia in October 1920. The steering committee would have included among others Dr Boulakia representing Israelite Consultative Conference, and Guellaty, Ben Jilani Romdane, Nooman and Djaibe. This committee, known as a "Jewish-Muslim Union, soon to collapse after" heated arguments ".
The newspaper ceased publication under the auspices of the Joint Committee and be printed by "The Renaissance" at the end of 1920. A few scattered numbers appeared again, under the direction of a young Jewish bank clerk, without participation of Muslims, but with sympathy for them. There was no question of "Judeo-Islamic Union" thereafter, but in 1920 the Destour would have tried to recruit members by offering them a Jewish Torah instead of the Koran to be sworn. What made
Rare constitutionalists Israelites was their isolation within their religious community. The Jews took care of any hostility towards the Protectorate which improved their living conditions. Even those who demanded the constitution did so only to obtain a more liberal regime, without ulterior motive of independence later. So it was more than oratorical if Tunisia stressed that the new constitution would be held under the Protectorate, and that the ultimate goal is the good understanding between both Tunisian and French between Tunisian and Jews.
Another Jewish newspaper expressed hope that the constitution administrative posts open to Jews. But others criticized Tunisia New declaring any "Jewish-Muslim unity 'impossible because of religious differences, or condemning the name of Judaism in Tunisia ... young giddy that does not engage the Jewish masses, quiet and peaceful foreign shadowy maneuvers of a small clan Gallophobia.
According publications known as "Balek Rodd, رد بالك" Jews were wary of the advances that they were Arab newspapers and relied on the French to ensure their peace despite anti-Semitism the right. The administration was making efforts to extricate themselves from this anti-Semitism. A violent film, which did not hesitate to speak of "youtrons" or "parasites that we crush" was banned in 1920. It spared the Israelites clearly Francophiles. Alliance Israelite also received it, in 1916, a grant for its "patriotic and educational."
It was found that the Jews of Tunis show some sort of sadness of the disrepute into which the French hold; to give signs of sympathy equal to that enjoyed by Muslims, the resident decides to reward the Legion of Honor "attitude most clearly French" Grand Rabbi deceased during the war. The decoration posthumously proved impossible, the choice fell on the President of the Hebrew Benevolent Fund, which organized subscriptions for relief work and French loans.
The idea reappeared to give the Israelites the French courts, as a response to the attempt Jewish-Muslim tried against us by the Young Tunisians. It was impossible because the system of the Protectorate, but it could facilitate the naturalization of individual Jews in the interest of the influence and French power in Tunisia, given the slowness of French colonization.
It will in fact observed especially Jews use from 1923 of new possibilities for naturalization, in principle also available to Muslims.
Another aspect of Judeo-Islamic reforms "native policy" was the Chamber of Commerce Native. According to its first president, M'hamed Chenik, the idea was to thwart the administration of the existing animosities placing Muslims and Jews in the same room. But the result was rather closer thanks to good personal intelligences. Business enterprises joint, far from being normal, were not excluded. On the other hand, is the 1920 date that the rise of grocery Jerbans at the expense of Israel.
END.
Bibliography:
- Tunis in the 19th Century (part 2): Marginality and Social Change - Abdelhamid Larguèche
- Algeria and Tunisia - Alfred Baraudon
- History of North Africa (Barbary) - Since the ancient times until the French conquest - Ernest MERCIER
Description - Northern Africa - El Bakri
- Ancient History of North Africa - Stéphane Gsell
- History of French institutions and trade in Africa's Barbary (1560-1793) (Algeria, Tunisia, Tripoli, Morocco) - Paul Masson
- Tunis, Description of the Regency - Dr. Louis Frank
- Tunisia - Albert Shoreline
- Europeans in Tunis in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries - Ahmed Saad
- The other through the French newspaper La Tunisia - Hassan El-Annabi
- Payment or annexation - For crossing paths of Tunisian history - Daniel Goldstein
The emergence of Zionism, the movement of both national affirmation of Jewish emigration to Palestine and, further complicated relations between Jewish, Muslim and French. All combinations are possible. The Tunisian Jews who were interested in a Jewish state (a minority for that matter) could stand against the Alliance Israelite who had abandoned the culture of the Jewish spirit in favor of French education, build loyalty to the France to get support in Palestine or advisor to learn Jewish Tunisian Arabic, the official language in Tunisia as well as in Palestine.
Young Tunisians could denounce Zionism as anti-Jewish company (an illusion of French Jews to incorporate in the army) or anti-Arab (Young Tunisians did not fail to spread this rumor as soon as it was for deliver Jerusalem to the Jews that France had killed so many native soldiers). Having noted this, the Resident General was awarded the silence of a Zionist organization in the talks and decided to "wrap" another. "France has interests that Muslims must strike. This is what compels a formal reservation with regard to Zionism. " The French anti-Semitic
seized the opportunity instead to leave the reserve: a Zionist flag flown at the party to victory in November 1918 was torn in a fight between Jews and French. Bands of soldiers took the incident as the starting signal for a night of looting in the Hara Tunis, one inhabitant was killed. After the violence of that night, began by condemning the Driba an Israelite to three months in prison for assault, while the trial against four Muslims dragged for theft and violence. In the trial for the murder of an Israelite, the guilt of the defendants showed any data information, but "brilliant argument" of the two French lawyers Tunsien and led to an acquittal.
The climate that created these incidents was certainly not favorable to a rapprochement between Muslims and Jewish people. But he brought from both sides, intellectuals to recognize the need for such reconciliation to change the colonial regime who took advantage of the division. You could not see the expectation of participating in Jewish nationalism tinged with religious zeal that was sometimes observed among Muslims, but by cons, there was room for them in the efforts to amend the plan of the Protectorate with the support of French liberals. It is along these lines that the thirty notable Israelites present (according Khairallah) at the first meeting pre-Destour, would have posted some of mouvement.Or Israelites continued to play an active role as the lawyer Albert Bessis, which housed some subsequent meetings.
The statutes of the "Liberal Party" included participation of Tunisian Jews as well as Muslims. Another Jewish lawyer, Jacques Scemama, was among the defenders of Thaalbi, and we saw a third, Elie Zirah, participate in the second delegation in Paris. Meanwhile, his colleague Uzan Elie was a member of the delegation of quarante.Les Bessis and Scemama were influential families, but their members were acting pro-Destour rather individually.
In a similar way, ten Jewish notables founded, together with ten Muslims, the weekly New Constitutionalist Tunisia in October 1920. The steering committee would have included among others Dr Boulakia representing Israelite Consultative Conference, and Guellaty, Ben Jilani Romdane, Nooman and Djaibe. This committee, known as a "Jewish-Muslim Union, soon to collapse after" heated arguments ".
The newspaper ceased publication under the auspices of the Joint Committee and be printed by "The Renaissance" at the end of 1920. A few scattered numbers appeared again, under the direction of a young Jewish bank clerk, without participation of Muslims, but with sympathy for them. There was no question of "Judeo-Islamic Union" thereafter, but in 1920 the Destour would have tried to recruit members by offering them a Jewish Torah instead of the Koran to be sworn. What made
Rare constitutionalists Israelites was their isolation within their religious community. The Jews took care of any hostility towards the Protectorate which improved their living conditions. Even those who demanded the constitution did so only to obtain a more liberal regime, without ulterior motive of independence later. So it was more than oratorical if Tunisia stressed that the new constitution would be held under the Protectorate, and that the ultimate goal is the good understanding between both Tunisian and French between Tunisian and Jews.
Another Jewish newspaper expressed hope that the constitution administrative posts open to Jews. But others criticized Tunisia New declaring any "Jewish-Muslim unity 'impossible because of religious differences, or condemning the name of Judaism in Tunisia ... young giddy that does not engage the Jewish masses, quiet and peaceful foreign shadowy maneuvers of a small clan Gallophobia.
According publications known as "Balek Rodd, رد بالك" Jews were wary of the advances that they were Arab newspapers and relied on the French to ensure their peace despite anti-Semitism the right. The administration was making efforts to extricate themselves from this anti-Semitism. A violent film, which did not hesitate to speak of "youtrons" or "parasites that we crush" was banned in 1920. It spared the Israelites clearly Francophiles. Alliance Israelite also received it, in 1916, a grant for its "patriotic and educational."
It was found that the Jews of Tunis show some sort of sadness of the disrepute into which the French hold; to give signs of sympathy equal to that enjoyed by Muslims, the resident decides to reward the Legion of Honor "attitude most clearly French" Grand Rabbi deceased during the war. The decoration posthumously proved impossible, the choice fell on the President of the Hebrew Benevolent Fund, which organized subscriptions for relief work and French loans.
The idea reappeared to give the Israelites the French courts, as a response to the attempt Jewish-Muslim tried against us by the Young Tunisians. It was impossible because the system of the Protectorate, but it could facilitate the naturalization of individual Jews in the interest of the influence and French power in Tunisia, given the slowness of French colonization.
It will in fact observed especially Jews use from 1923 of new possibilities for naturalization, in principle also available to Muslims.
Another aspect of Judeo-Islamic reforms "native policy" was the Chamber of Commerce Native. According to its first president, M'hamed Chenik, the idea was to thwart the administration of the existing animosities placing Muslims and Jews in the same room. But the result was rather closer thanks to good personal intelligences. Business enterprises joint, far from being normal, were not excluded. On the other hand, is the 1920 date that the rise of grocery Jerbans at the expense of Israel.
END.
Bibliography:
- Tunis in the 19th Century (part 2): Marginality and Social Change - Abdelhamid Larguèche
- Algeria and Tunisia - Alfred Baraudon
- History of North Africa (Barbary) - Since the ancient times until the French conquest - Ernest MERCIER
Description - Northern Africa - El Bakri
- Ancient History of North Africa - Stéphane Gsell
- History of French institutions and trade in Africa's Barbary (1560-1793) (Algeria, Tunisia, Tripoli, Morocco) - Paul Masson
- Tunis, Description of the Regency - Dr. Louis Frank
- Tunisia - Albert Shoreline
- Europeans in Tunis in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries - Ahmed Saad
- The other through the French newspaper La Tunisia - Hassan El-Annabi
- Payment or annexation - For crossing paths of Tunisian history - Daniel Goldstein
Monday, August 20, 2007
Pink Tinged Creamy Cervical Mucus
65 - History of Jews in the Regency of Tunis (9th Party)
In the years 1910-1920, the Jews were barely 50,000 people in a population of two million. They lived mainly in cities. Provided
to keep quiet, they were free from persecution, but they were excluded from the state union, similar to the community of believers whose administration is almost entirely handled only by the French. So they were not liable to military service; the Protectorate did not affect the privilege normally negative.
As foreigners, Jews, immigrants from Livorno as large traders enjoyed greater freedom and penetrated to the entourage Bey. Under the Protectorate, they were the main protagonists of "Italianità" and somewhat despised their fellow "natives."
At the latter, the Protectorate offered a chance to get out of the neighborhood Hara as the most overcrowded and unhealthy. Through schools of the Alliance Israelite, who were providing instruction in French, some Jews managed to start a social rise and settle in the European city, but the mass remained "willy-nilly at the Hara.
Supporting the yoke uneasily Bey aggravated with all the weight of the French administration and in their desire to assimilate (to French), many Jews sought to be justiciable French rather than Tunisians.
In 1909, the Young Tunisians launched a campaign against this request, with the idea of obtaining an improvement in the Tunisian court that would satisfy both Muslims and Jews, instead of an assimilation of Jews in French ( as it had occurred in Algeria with the naturalization unit). But this intellectual position might be perverted into an agitation against the Jews themselves, who have been in effect when the victims of a "social and economic boycott." In any case, the issue was difficult for the Protectorate which could not afford to offend Muslims.
In addition, the Israelite race to assimilation faced anti-Semitism of the French right, especially well represented among the settlers (one of the most entrenched traditions among students in the School of Agriculture was Colonial molest or at least humiliate the Jews), but also among bank employees and even doctors and lawyers fear the emerging competition.
This could feed anti-Semitism of racial bias of some officials, but at the residential scale, rather considerations of high politics: Jews were the sand into this machine that it intends to handle the Protectorate sovereign and that "with them, it never has the last word."
The French government systematically rejected the judiciary, because "the Jewish basoche already here such advantages that no longer resist him."
residential Desire to maintain the tranquility of the status quo was also an advantage for the Israelites, he defended against the request of the War Department to compel military service. All her arguments were good. If the Jews had taken advantage of the Protectorate, they were not provided Anglicized, and had "no reason to to fight for France remained Tunisia's mistress rather than another Christian nation. Arabs rather have a moral obligation to provide soldiers to France, being under his tutelage moral and material. "
recruitment Israelites reluctant to cause any authority disorders. If on the other hand they made good military service by the French naturalization, you would pay their contribution as "poor" by the loss of Muslim loyalty, an essential condition of the Protectorate. The Italians staying out of war at the beginning, the Israelites had made them sponsored by profiteers and sowers of panic. By Following the mobilization of Livorno by Italy, some Tunisian Jews were committed voluntarily, that their opening act (as well as the Tunisians) the way the French naturalization. In addition, recruiting voluntary workers, Jewish, but with little success compared to "zeal" of Muslims.
The Resident reported that they could not "overcome their disobedience ... I do not now the case of the Israelite religion. I speak of a localized ethnic group that special conditions of existence ... have shaped. " All in all, the war produced no Franco-Jewish. She presented by cons, opportunities to break the animosity between French and Muslim and Jewish. Also parking Jewish Algerian soldiers in Tunisia was followed by numerous incidents that have left a deep impression. The Jew in the uniform and armed with French ... not resist the urge to hit the Muslims.
The reverse was also true, and Jews in general without uniforms, were most often in the position of victims. The most serious disturbances took place in August 1917, with looting in Tunis by Hara on leave Muslims in the wake of scuffles with Jewish soldiers of the service order or pimps.
unrest spread to the Cap Bon, Sousse, Kairouan, Sfax, where a Jew was killed, and Gabes. The Resident boasted of having put an end to service improvement agenda. But the Journal "The French Tunisia, which was paid by Jews to oppose the tax on war profits, and who offered the paradoxical spectacle of being at the same time the tribune and the Jewish settlers applauding the exploits of skirmishers, saw things differently: only the departure on leave recovering the calm, the authorities military and civilian left them tough for three days.
Jewish notables denounced the "reckless disregard" of the authorities, some officials have even encouraged the looters. For the Secretary General, it was only the Director of the Police who had been "unfortunate few words, certainly more than his mind about the Jews." A few months later, French officers were yelling at a cafe Israelite: "Here's a coffee kike, dirty Jews ...». The resident refused to "press" the accusations against French officers which have also encouraged the looters. At most, the sharpshooters had misunderstood the orders ... "However, everyone insists on what is called the arrogance of the Jews today. Many people add that they deserved to be taught a lesson. " The Resident General Alapetite wanted to avoid the danger that the administration was not recognized liable for reparations to victims, he used to this, the lure of repairs "graceful".
A traditional animosity against Israel came cons added that all merchants who were making war profits. In Tunis, the Jewish privilege to continue the business without the interference of the mobilization could logically be angry that the French Muslims are also exempt. Indeed, the French complained that the Israelites had jobs or businesses vacated by "our people who are killed for them." Or in the words of the Resident Similarly, the French weakness was not only due to the mobilization: "Our French traders are here as shopkeepers waiting customers and business. They do not know the languages of the country, do not run the corn and can not buy the indigenous productions. "
Even among the Muslims of Tunis, the privilege Jews have contributed to the excitement brought about by the Young Tunisians from the Medina. The excitement against the Jews was consistent, however wrong with the political reasoning of the Young Tunisians as it manifested itself in the question of jurisdiction. Also the Journal of Maghreb she reproached the "Colon French" to speak of recruiting Jews to prepare the Muslims against them. On the other hand, she spoke out against those Jews who were willing to military service as the price of French citizenship. Mohamed Bach-Hamba judged understandable desire to retain the exemption Israelite, and he rejected the proposal of the "Colon" to strike the exemption of a special tax which Muslims have hardly escaped Tunis. The idea seems to have been the need to oppose a Jewish-Muslim solidarity to the demands as well as French excitations. An attempt to organize this solidarity ensued after the end of the war also caused new troubles anti-Jewish.
Upon return to La Goulette a Muslim regiment in July 1920, a detachment would be "swept" the sidewalks before the official retirement, shouting "Down with the Jews," particularly numerous in this locality and hurting everyone. The colonel in charge of an investigation on the subsequent scuffle reported that NCO had attacked passers-by, but according to the final report of the Commander of the DOT, the attitude of the military was perfectly correct, and Jews had caused the stampede "by their luxury and their ways arrogant. "
League of Human Rights noted these contradictions, and a more open anti-Semitism in some French newspapers. The Journal "Tunisia French" also spoke of attacks from the guns, and relied on statements by notable Jewish loyalty to invalidate the thesis of "provocation".
Another incident the following month, he reminded Djellaz of: the porter of a dead Muslim, on the way to the cemetery, have pushed a Jew, and the police had to release them from other Jews who had come to the aid of their co-religionist.
follow ...
Bibliography:
- Tunis in the 19th Century (part 2): Marginality and Social Change - Abdelhamid Larguèche
- Algeria and Tunisia - Alfred Baraudon
- History of North Africa (Barbary) - Since the ancient times until the French conquest - Ernest MERCIER
Description - Northern Africa - El Bakri
- Ancient History of North Africa - Stéphane Gsell
- History of French institutions and trade in Africa's Barbary (1560-1793) (Algeria, Tunisia, Tripoli, Morocco) - Paul Masson
- Tunis, Description of the Regency - Dr. Louis Frank
- Tunisia - Albert the
Berge - Europeans in Tunis in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries - Ahmed Saad
- The other through the French newspaper La Tunisia - Hassan El-Annabi
- Payment or annexation - For the crossed paths of Tunisian history - Daniel Goldstein 
In the years 1910-1920, the Jews were barely 50,000 people in a population of two million. They lived mainly in cities. Provided
to keep quiet, they were free from persecution, but they were excluded from the state union, similar to the community of believers whose administration is almost entirely handled only by the French. So they were not liable to military service; the Protectorate did not affect the privilege normally negative.
As foreigners, Jews, immigrants from Livorno as large traders enjoyed greater freedom and penetrated to the entourage Bey. Under the Protectorate, they were the main protagonists of "Italianità" and somewhat despised their fellow "natives."
At the latter, the Protectorate offered a chance to get out of the neighborhood Hara as the most overcrowded and unhealthy. Through schools of the Alliance Israelite, who were providing instruction in French, some Jews managed to start a social rise and settle in the European city, but the mass remained "willy-nilly at the Hara.
Supporting the yoke uneasily Bey aggravated with all the weight of the French administration and in their desire to assimilate (to French), many Jews sought to be justiciable French rather than Tunisians.
In 1909, the Young Tunisians launched a campaign against this request, with the idea of obtaining an improvement in the Tunisian court that would satisfy both Muslims and Jews, instead of an assimilation of Jews in French ( as it had occurred in Algeria with the naturalization unit). But this intellectual position might be perverted into an agitation against the Jews themselves, who have been in effect when the victims of a "social and economic boycott." In any case, the issue was difficult for the Protectorate which could not afford to offend Muslims.
In addition, the Israelite race to assimilation faced anti-Semitism of the French right, especially well represented among the settlers (one of the most entrenched traditions among students in the School of Agriculture was Colonial molest or at least humiliate the Jews), but also among bank employees and even doctors and lawyers fear the emerging competition.
This could feed anti-Semitism of racial bias of some officials, but at the residential scale, rather considerations of high politics: Jews were the sand into this machine that it intends to handle the Protectorate sovereign and that "with them, it never has the last word."
The French government systematically rejected the judiciary, because "the Jewish basoche already here such advantages that no longer resist him."
residential Desire to maintain the tranquility of the status quo was also an advantage for the Israelites, he defended against the request of the War Department to compel military service. All her arguments were good. If the Jews had taken advantage of the Protectorate, they were not provided Anglicized, and had "no reason to to fight for France remained Tunisia's mistress rather than another Christian nation. Arabs rather have a moral obligation to provide soldiers to France, being under his tutelage moral and material. "
recruitment Israelites reluctant to cause any authority disorders. If on the other hand they made good military service by the French naturalization, you would pay their contribution as "poor" by the loss of Muslim loyalty, an essential condition of the Protectorate. The Italians staying out of war at the beginning, the Israelites had made them sponsored by profiteers and sowers of panic. By Following the mobilization of Livorno by Italy, some Tunisian Jews were committed voluntarily, that their opening act (as well as the Tunisians) the way the French naturalization. In addition, recruiting voluntary workers, Jewish, but with little success compared to "zeal" of Muslims.
The Resident reported that they could not "overcome their disobedience ... I do not now the case of the Israelite religion. I speak of a localized ethnic group that special conditions of existence ... have shaped. " All in all, the war produced no Franco-Jewish. She presented by cons, opportunities to break the animosity between French and Muslim and Jewish. Also parking Jewish Algerian soldiers in Tunisia was followed by numerous incidents that have left a deep impression. The Jew in the uniform and armed with French ... not resist the urge to hit the Muslims.
The reverse was also true, and Jews in general without uniforms, were most often in the position of victims. The most serious disturbances took place in August 1917, with looting in Tunis by Hara on leave Muslims in the wake of scuffles with Jewish soldiers of the service order or pimps.
unrest spread to the Cap Bon, Sousse, Kairouan, Sfax, where a Jew was killed, and Gabes. The Resident boasted of having put an end to service improvement agenda. But the Journal "The French Tunisia, which was paid by Jews to oppose the tax on war profits, and who offered the paradoxical spectacle of being at the same time the tribune and the Jewish settlers applauding the exploits of skirmishers, saw things differently: only the departure on leave recovering the calm, the authorities military and civilian left them tough for three days.
Jewish notables denounced the "reckless disregard" of the authorities, some officials have even encouraged the looters. For the Secretary General, it was only the Director of the Police who had been "unfortunate few words, certainly more than his mind about the Jews." A few months later, French officers were yelling at a cafe Israelite: "Here's a coffee kike, dirty Jews ...». The resident refused to "press" the accusations against French officers which have also encouraged the looters. At most, the sharpshooters had misunderstood the orders ... "However, everyone insists on what is called the arrogance of the Jews today. Many people add that they deserved to be taught a lesson. " The Resident General Alapetite wanted to avoid the danger that the administration was not recognized liable for reparations to victims, he used to this, the lure of repairs "graceful".
A traditional animosity against Israel came cons added that all merchants who were making war profits. In Tunis, the Jewish privilege to continue the business without the interference of the mobilization could logically be angry that the French Muslims are also exempt. Indeed, the French complained that the Israelites had jobs or businesses vacated by "our people who are killed for them." Or in the words of the Resident Similarly, the French weakness was not only due to the mobilization: "Our French traders are here as shopkeepers waiting customers and business. They do not know the languages of the country, do not run the corn and can not buy the indigenous productions. "
Even among the Muslims of Tunis, the privilege Jews have contributed to the excitement brought about by the Young Tunisians from the Medina. The excitement against the Jews was consistent, however wrong with the political reasoning of the Young Tunisians as it manifested itself in the question of jurisdiction. Also the Journal of Maghreb she reproached the "Colon French" to speak of recruiting Jews to prepare the Muslims against them. On the other hand, she spoke out against those Jews who were willing to military service as the price of French citizenship. Mohamed Bach-Hamba judged understandable desire to retain the exemption Israelite, and he rejected the proposal of the "Colon" to strike the exemption of a special tax which Muslims have hardly escaped Tunis. The idea seems to have been the need to oppose a Jewish-Muslim solidarity to the demands as well as French excitations. An attempt to organize this solidarity ensued after the end of the war also caused new troubles anti-Jewish.
Upon return to La Goulette a Muslim regiment in July 1920, a detachment would be "swept" the sidewalks before the official retirement, shouting "Down with the Jews," particularly numerous in this locality and hurting everyone. The colonel in charge of an investigation on the subsequent scuffle reported that NCO had attacked passers-by, but according to the final report of the Commander of the DOT, the attitude of the military was perfectly correct, and Jews had caused the stampede "by their luxury and their ways arrogant. "
League of Human Rights noted these contradictions, and a more open anti-Semitism in some French newspapers. The Journal "Tunisia French" also spoke of attacks from the guns, and relied on statements by notable Jewish loyalty to invalidate the thesis of "provocation".
Another incident the following month, he reminded Djellaz of: the porter of a dead Muslim, on the way to the cemetery, have pushed a Jew, and the police had to release them from other Jews who had come to the aid of their co-religionist.
follow ...
Bibliography:
- Tunis in the 19th Century (part 2): Marginality and Social Change - Abdelhamid Larguèche
- Algeria and Tunisia - Alfred Baraudon
- History of North Africa (Barbary) - Since the ancient times until the French conquest - Ernest MERCIER
Description - Northern Africa - El Bakri
- Ancient History of North Africa - Stéphane Gsell
- History of French institutions and trade in Africa's Barbary (1560-1793) (Algeria, Tunisia, Tripoli, Morocco) - Paul Masson
- Tunis, Description of the Regency - Dr. Louis Frank
- Tunisia - Albert the
Berge - Europeans in Tunis in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries - Ahmed Saad
- The other through the French newspaper La Tunisia - Hassan El-Annabi
- Payment or annexation - For the crossed paths of Tunisian history - Daniel Goldstein
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