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Ristolas (historical and cultural dictionary)


Ristolas

Ristolas shelter for the road, taking the south-east, following the Guil, on the right bank. The left bank is covered with forests of larch wood (Jassaygue). At the foot of the slope, passing a path wide enough and shaded in summer and, in Old Town Ristolas, serves in winter ski trails. On the map of Cassini (eighteenth century), it is referred to as the "highway of Piedmont." On the right bank, mid slope, a path connects to Abriès Ristolas. It passes through the hamlets of Little Varence (or Patarel) and Varence (1840 m), located in the town shelter. The Varence abandoned in 1860 and the last house collapsed a century later, was the seventeenth and eighteenth century the cradle of the family Aviény, many of whom migrated to the Palatinate after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. In 1665, Jean Aviény, who bought land Abriès was a doctor in law and medicine. The possession of these two grades, while very rare, confirms that Queyrassins had reached a high level of education. Jean Aviény remained in Queyras until his death, but his son, who refused to abjure, emigrated.


Ristolas (1600 m) is the most common size of Queyras. It has 8,336 hectares against 7540 to Arvieux, 7508 and 3970 to Abriès Needle. Part of its territory is a vast game reserve, where there are large herds of chamois and sheep also. It is also the least populated town of Queyras: there are about sixty people at present, while in 1763, it had about nine hundred inhabitants.

Ristolas is on the left bank of the Guil. It is built on the alluvial fan of the torrent of Ségure which divides into two parts: the main group, where the town hall, and Maisonneuve, on the left bank of the Segura. The Cassini map (eighteenth century) was made a hamlet on the right bank of the Guil, opposite Ristolas named "Dela the Aquamarine."

Village history is punctuated by disasters like the other villages in the valley of the Guil. Floods have devastated fields and washed away houses in 1408, 1469, 1728, 1957. In the fifteenth century, dykes were built to prevent the village was submerged by the river Segura. But floods, too violent, carried the dikes. In 1631, the plague decimated the village, where "there remained only nine married men." This epidemic had also victims in Queyras, where, according to Jacques Gondret "1123 people died the scourge. " A chapel was built in-New Homes in honor of St. Roch, "protector of the plague" and the day of Saint Roch was long celebrated with fervor.

Built near the border, Ristolas was looted and burned in 1690 and 1691. In 1800, the Marquis of Angrogna penetrated with troops in the Upper Guil and plundered the village. The church, dedicated to Saint-Marcellin, is located in the City. The date of 1475 was engraved on a lintel, but remodeling and restorations made it lose its original appearance.

In the early 1990s, few people lived by farming. The huge farms, which are numerous in the village were built after 1945, due to war damages paid by the Germans and Italians to compensate for the destruction of 1940 and 1944. Today, many of these farms are converted into hotels, lodges or resorts. Like other agricultural communes Queyras Ristolas lives mainly from tourism.


Valley Ségure

The path leading to the Peak from the top of Ségure Ristolas south-west, then south, above the torrent of Ségure. The left bank, very steep, is also very furrowed. Beyond the ridge lies the Valley Peinin (sharing needles). The right bank is forested. The trail leaves the woods, turns south-eastwards to reach the lakes Lacroix (2400 m). A path on the left provides access to the Pic de Segur. The summit (2980 m) is easily accessible. The valley is surrounded by high peaks. Those of the right bank - Maloqueste Peaks (2610 m), Chabrière (2820 m), Ségure (2980 m) - separated from the valley and Foreant Egourgéou. At the bottom of the valley, the crest of the Fonz, the tops of Lausaces or Grand Queyras (3114 m) and peak Caramagne, pierced through the neck of Ségure (2787 m) and breccia from the pinnacle (2922 m), separate Segura Valley Acute Agnelle (Molina and Fontgillarde).


The
The Monta Monta is on the right bank of the Guil, at 1660 m altitude at the foot of the slopes covered with meadows and dominated by the head of the pelvis (2930 m). In this village, where Emily Carle, author of The Soup wild herbs, served as a substitute teacher in 1924, there is only one house, converted into gites, and the church, the rest of village was destroyed in 1940 and 1944, during the fighting in World War II (see "disaster in the twentieth century").
The history of La Monta is replete with fire (in 1691-1692) and avalanches: the 1885 has destroyed a dozen houses on the walls where there were some nice entries.


Trails
The Monta is now a step in the crossing of Queyras by GR 58. We're going to shelter at Monta Valpreveyre by the culet Jilly Jilly Ridge, Mount Peyra Plata. De La Monta, we reach the refuge by Agnel Echalp and Col Vieux.

towards the pelvis (2930 m)
A La Monta, take the GR 58 that runs through meadows and woods Chatellard up the ridge, called Mountain Peyra Plata (2643 m). A Ridge, we let the GR 58 which continues to collette Jilly and inclines to the right, heading north-east, to begin the climb relatively easy pelvis, sometimes referred to as the head of the pelvis.

To Pass The Cross (2300 m).
the east of the hamlet, take the trail that climbs into the alpine meadows, and along the wooden Chatellard, follows the torrent of Forelle Combe, past the refuge Napoleon, built in 1857 through a bequest from Napoleon 1st Hautes-Alpes to thank the people of the positive it was him on his return from Elba. The
Pass Trail Cross was "Piedmont's high road" on the Cassini map. He was very popular. Many went to the Piedmontese market shelter and across the Queyras, while in winter the shepherds led by Col Queyrassins their herds on the plains of Piedmont. Travelers were killed on this trail in winter. In 1730, thirty people died in the mountains. Also the inhabitants of Abriès long have they asked to build a shelter, which afterwards was very late, because they feared it was used to the Vaudois or smugglers.

Several projects have been developed to make the pass a communication channel between France and Italy. It is planning to pass a line of railway which would have connected Marseille to Turin. But it failed. In the 1920s there was a question yet to drill a tunnel to accommodate a paved road. Gen. William, in The Queyras (pp. 119-194) makes a very precise statement of these projects.

At a little over an hour of the neck on the right, Mount Parroussin (2677 m), easily accessible. From the pass we descend into the Val Pellice where the shelter where Jervis and returned to France to Valpreveyre, shelter or Le Roux, by the neck or neck Urine Malaurie. One can also access the Cross Pass by Echalp, hamlet is located 2 kilometers from La Monta.


The Echalp

is the last hamlet in the valley of the Guil, 2 km from the Monta and 1690 m altitude. Beyond the Echalp, the valley became head south, southeast. "Echalp" is a common name, as "Échalp" or "Chalp" in the Alps and the Queyras: The Chalp d'Arvieux, Chalp The Saint-Veran. "The Echalp" seems to be a corruption of the plural "The Chalp" which means "sloping fields" or "barrens" or "pasture".

The hamlet is ancient history, since we found there Gallic burial period, and is quite similar to that of La Monta: incursions Vaudois, who raided the village in 1691-92, and avalanche that destroyed several homes, so those of 1885 and 1948. Today, the hamlet is inhabited except in summer. Farms were turned into second homes.


Trails

Towards Cross Pass (2300 m) at a little over an hour's Echalp. The trail through the forest eventually join, just before the pass, the trail riding.

To Pass Old and refuge Agnel. We cross the Guil, tracing the path that allows Monta entering lakes and Egourgéou Foreant and, after the pass Old, joined the Agnel pass road. That stage between La Monta GR 58 and Refuge Agnel.

Beyond the Echalp, barely crossed the Guil is on the left bank, the place called "the fallen rocks, formed at the end of the nineteenth century by a collapse cliff. Some of these rocks are now climbing school.
A little further, beyond the car park is closed to traffic. At right, the trail begins ecological Pre Michel fitted by technicians of the Regional Park (see "Landscapes"). Continuing the path, we reached the lookout on Mount Viso Viso of the refuge, Lake Lestio, sources of the Guil, the neck of the Traversette where, in the fifteenth century, was drilled a tunnel and which the authors speak Queyrassins.

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Richard Calve-Blaise (historical and cultural dictionary)

With Aristide Albert, author in 1889 of a biography-bibliography (an inventory families and famous men: cf. Article with that title) of the Canton of needles and with Harriet Rosenberg (A Negotiated World, pp. 77-89, "Blaise Richard Calve, usurer and director revolutionary"), we know the outline of the life and work of Richard-Calve.

He was born in 1756 in Abriès to a merchant family of cheeses, leather and wool. His parents were wealthy, have sent him a "good education" (which he has retained the bulk, which is evident in the motto carved on the facade of his house. See "registration Jansenist?). He had three brothers: Chaffrey collector to Guillestre, Claude, cheese merchant, Bartholomew, a priest and a sister who married a notary Ristolas. Richard Blaise-Calve was married twice. In 1795 he married the daughter of Francis Berthelot, the royal notary Abriès and "lord" Queyras, who died in 1809 childless in 1810, Euphrosyne Gonssolin, 22, daughter of a powerful magistrate of Grenoble.

Richard Blaise-Calve was not only grown, it was so rich and powerful. Trade in leather and wool, as it had substantial capital, he said the loan money. Debtors lived Abriès Queyras and even Piedmont. Because it lent to 5%, Harriet Rosenberg calls it a usurer, unfairly in our view. 5%, objectively, this is not a usurious rate, especially from 1792 to 1806, years during which the crisis of "assignats" and political unrest have severely eroded the currency. Furthermore, we know that even nationalized banks have not hesitated recently (1980) to set their rates to over 20%.

Money, a strong culture, beautiful weddings have enabled him to make a brilliant political career. After 1790 he was elected "president of the Central Government", which earned him the nickname of President Blaise. This position is roughly equivalent to those of president of council and prefect together. When the function was set to prefect, he was appointed magistrate of the canton of needles and he remained until his death in 1818. As president of the Administration of the Hautes-Alpes, he inaugurated in the year V of the Republic (1797-1798) "Central School" in the department and he delivered the keynote address, published the same year Gap.

The name of Richard-Calve was also illustrated by the nephew of doctor, born in 1799 and died Abriès in the same village in 1849, who argued at the University of Montpellier an original thesis for the time . The subject is "Gymnastics applied to hygiene and therapeutics. "

It seems that the descendants of the family Richard-Calve Abriès have all left. In 2002, the Mayor of the town, accompanied by the policeman, went to the cemetery to see the tomb of the family whose grant date from the late nineteenth s was abandoned and the location to concede another family.

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Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (historical and cultural dictionary)

The Edict of Nantes (1598) was revoked in October 1685 by the Edict of Fontainebleau.

But first, for nearly sixty years, it has been slowly eroded. After 1620, ten years after death of Henry 1V, under the regency of Marie de Medici, then under Louis XIII and Richelieu, the provisions of the Edict of Nantes are no longer respected. Protestants are forced to gradually give up their rights. Bluche Francis, in his book Louis XIV (Fayard, 1986), § "The persecution of heretics," in Chapter XXI, "National unity, religious unity," p 598 and following, review all laws, policies, edicts that preceded the reign of Louis XIV's edict of Fontainebleau, which enshrines the law a "state of affairs." Since that date, it is supposed no longer be any Protestants in the kingdom, the law granted to them by the Edict of Nantes has no raison d'etre. In October 1685, Louis XIV forbade the public exercise of the "RPR" and requires pastors who would not converted within two weeks, to leave France. Protestant children were baptized, educated and reared in the Roman religion, and to recover their property, migrants have a period of four months. The prohibitions are recalled to emigrate "just for men in the galleys and confiscation of body and goods for women."

Many Protestants hostile measures were taken between 1659 and 1664: the temples were destroyed or closed, a few remaining clauses of the Edict of Nantes was interpreted "strictly speaking, Catholic missions were sent to cities and villages remained faithful to the Reformation, a credit conversion has awarded bonuses to the Protestants who, renouncing, faced obstacles of money, Bibles and catechisms were intended to Protestants. It

in 1679 saw the start of persecution themselves: severe penalties provided cons and the renegade apostates, abjurations regulated in a binding manner, suppression of rooms mid-portions of the parliaments of Toulouse and Grenoble, to ban any Catholic to a Protestant. In November, a royal act calls on judges to get to the bedside to try to convert them. The profession of midwifery is prohibited Protestant. In 1681, Louvois authorizes the Poitou dragonnades: the obligation to house soldiers is imposed on Protestants, the "new converts" being exempted for two years. In June, the king decided that the children of Protestants will choose Catholicism at the age of 7 years, depending on the age of reason the Church, and that parents have no right to be educated abroad. In 1681 and 1682, the dragonnades multiply. The clauses of the Edict of Nantes are applied more and more restrictive. During the summer, the temples were demolished for two or three a week. The Protestant bastards must be reared according to the principles of Catholic authority. Any migration is forbidden to sailors and craftsmen Protestants. Access to the professions of lawyer, attorney, judicial officer, sergeant, assistant assessor, and justice is not the Protestants. It is prohibited to Protestants to leave the kingdom, property offenders are confiscated. They are forbidden to assemble outside the temples and without the presence of pastors. Are assigned to hospitals goods they have donated or bequeathed to the poor. In March 1682, provides an edict banning of any reform minister who had received a Catholic convert. From May, in each temple is a place reserved for police informants of the king. In June, it was decided that the children of new converts were instructed in the Catholic religion. In 1684, legislation took place: ban private worship or illegal, prohibition against pastors to exercise more than three years in one place: the Presbytery is reduced pace: they can be held in the presence of a royal judge. Protestants can not be selected as experts. Reformed worship is banned in the communities that comprise less than ten families. In 1685, the competence of some judges reformed according to the parliament of Metz is limited, there are penalties against pastors "who are suffering in the temples of the people that the king has forbidden to accept" the French have more the right to marry abroad to places of worship where the pastors have officiated at many marriages are destroyed, and the Protestants have no right to initiate servants Catholics are prohibited from being clerks judge or lawyer, then the bar is forbidden. They can not attend worship outside the bailiwick of their residence. They are forbidden to preach, to write works of controversy, publishing books on theology. The medical profession is forbidden them, the pastors can not remain within six miles of the prohibited places of worship. Protestant children may not have guardians as Catholics. Half the property of emigrants is vested in their wrongdoings.

In 1665, in Queyras, nearly two hundred heads of families have abjured, making fact waive their families to the Reformation: "Many Catholic missionaries had been sent in Queyras, assisted by the priests, the royal power and the lure of benefits that were made to the converted, they had some success (Tivolier, Queyras, op cited, p. 387). To the chagrin of his co-religionists, a pastor Abriès back into the fold of the Church. In 1681, the two consuls Abriès which for a century, were selected among Protestants are Catholics again.

Four years later, in 1685, the temples were razed Queyras. Pastors of Arvieux and shelter rather prefer to go abroad that adjure. Many faithful followers. This is the beginning of a significant emigration of Protestant Queyrassins to Switzerland and the Palatinate in Germany. Protestants of the Dauphiné, from Veynes, Gap, Embrun, through the Queyras to reach Switzerland by the Waldensian valleys of Piedmont and trying to avoid the very Catholic Savoy. In August and September 1685, a regiment confined in the Queyras. The soldiers were ordered to abjure the population. Just as the believer is a sign in a church for conversion is established. According to Abbe Pierre Berge, "Some Protestants pretended conversion, but the timing they chose emigrate and abandon their property rather than practicing the Catholic religion to which they had acceded to that mouth and within the scope of threats "(quoted by E. Bellon, in Scattered to the winds, p 39).
In October 1685, when the Edict of Nantes is revoked, the troops are kept in the Queyras. Their maintenance is charged to residents. The church of Saint-Pierre Abriès is restored, enlarged and beautified. Increasingly many Protestants who choose to emigrate. Between 1685 and 1690, some three hundred people leaving shelter for residence in Switzerland or Germany. Often their goods are confiscated and given to firm to good Catholics.

In the eighteenth century, there were some Protestants in the shelter and hamlets in the valley and Molines Arvieux. Like other Protestants of the kingdom, they worship in a clearing in a meadow or withdrawn. The edict of tolerance signed by Louis XVI in 1787 makes Protestants freedom of worship.