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79 - The Conquest of Tunis by the Turks (part 7)

In 1551, Charles V decided to an end to the depredations of the pirate, who had managed to create some sort of royalty on the sea coast of Tunisia. An important expedition was sent to that effect against the town of Mahdia, under the command of Don Juan de Vega, Viceroy of Sicily, who took with him the unfortunate Moulay Hassan, whom he intended to use influence to ensure the success Company. At the news of the landing of the Spaniards, Dargouth, who was currently in the sea, returned in haste to oppose the attackers, but was forced to take off and abandon the defense of the city only courage its inhabitants.
September 10, 1551, after a terrible assault, the place capitulated. Twelve hundred Muslims were killed during the siege, and nine thousand were enslaved.

After leaving his son, Don Alvar, as governor of Mahdia, with 1500 good troops and large supplies, Don Juan de Vega, returned with his fleet to Sicily.
Don Alvar did not remain long in possession of the government of that place, having missed him the money to pay the troops of the garrison, they revolted and gave their leader a certain Antonio Aponte, who arrived at the happy with a few raids, carried out over the surrounding tribes, to live until his men or the Viceroy of Sicily had them return to obedience.
In 1553, Charles V decided to abandon Mahdia, whose occupation seemed too expensive. He charged to Don Fernando Acuna to destroy all the fortifications and the garrison back in Spain.

In 1560, Philip II conceived the design to capture Tripoli. To this end, he confided to Don Duan 14.000 soldiers de la Cerda, Duke of Medina Coeli, Viceroy of Sicily, and deferred to his zeal and his experience with the task of directing operations (1560).
La Cerda embarked his troops on 113 ships, and headed for the island of Djerba, which went first summons. It was a happy beginning, but that he bore fruit, we had to march without delay to Tripoli, then in power Dargouth.
Unfortunately, it was not so: the weather, extreme agitation of the sea, forced the expedition leader to remain several weeks at anchor on the island. Dargouth cleverly took advantage of this respite to inform the Grand Lord of the dangers which threatened the Turkish possessions in Africa.

As the notice was pressing, the Divan of Constantinople soon sent one hundred and sixty galleys and ships carrying forty thousand soldiers, and ordered him to make all possible dispatch, to surprise the English fleet its anchorage on the island of Djerba. At the risk of breaking her masts, Sinan Pasha was covered with veils, and burst suddenly upon the compact mass of buildings MedinaCoeli, who had barely time to sail, to escape the inevitable destruction. The attack was so sudden that 19 galleys and 14 transports were removed before they could cut their moorings.

Notwithstanding this material loss, 5,000 Spaniards were thrown into prison. After this major disaster, the Duke of Medina Coeli brings together some of his ships and returned to Europe, leaving Don Alvaro de Sande care to defend the fortress island of Djerba, where he was locked up with a handful of soldiers.

After enduring for several weeks, the most cruel privations, the contingent decided to throw himself in despair over enemy lines, to drill and take advantage of the confusion and surprise that their attack would cause in the ranks to win the shore and rushed to seize the first buildings that fell into their hands. On the day they leave their fortified base on the Turkish army, and trying to emerge through the thick battalions. Turks rally, wrap the handful of Spaniards and shoot with rifle scimitar. To see
their victory and to remind future generations, the Turks had raised, Sir theater of their achievement, a pyramid made up entirely of skulls and bones of enemies that was removed in 1846 following the desire expressed by the Consul at Bey General of France and the Prefect Apostolic in Tunis. Left

definitely master of authority in Tunis, Hamed posted its sympathy for the Turks and his hatred against Christians. Curiously, the small band of English mercenaries who had been left by his father Charles V became his strongest support, the dedication of its leader Juan who had the manners and dress Muslims. This man was the real master in Tunis and all it had on a bloody tyranny.
Hamed also formed a body of three thousand horse called Zemasnïa, well armed and well mounted, he used mostly to fight Arab insurgents, particularly the Ouled Saïd, who have always been treated simply as infidels because of their multiple traitor to the monarchs of this country. The new king

Hafsid, Moulay Hamed, was also very difficult to win. He was regularly called to the Sultan of Constantinople, at the same time he signed truces, or treaties with the Spaniards. This versatility of power Hafsid, who sometimes relied on the Spaniards and now coming to terms with the Turks, was due to his weakness against two such powerful empires.

In March 1568, Euldj Ali was appointed Master of Algiers and just as the new Beylarbeg came to take possession of his job he decided to conquer the Kingdom of the Hafsids.

As its nickname implies, Euldj Ali was a renegade, a native of southern Italy. Taken very young by Muslims who had rowed a long time in the convict, stubbornly refusing to abandon his religion; he had received during this portion of its existence the nickname El-Farthing (the nasty or bald) by the Arabs and Uchaux Fartax (the scabby renegade) for Christians.
Euldj Ali desperate to get his freedom, he had ignored nor abjure Christianity, like many others at that time and took the name of Ali.
His energy and intelligence soon made him get the command of a ship and it became one of the top lieutenants of Hassan, son of Khaireddine and Dragut.

So because of the fragility of power Hafsid, the master of Algiers, Euldj Ali turned to Tunisia where there was, no glory, Moulay Hamed, who was in a state of hostility with the English La Goulette and war against his subjects, particularly the Ouled Saïd and Chabbïa.
The crusade against the Christian powers were preparing the Turk was known to all; the Beylarbeg knew he was destined to play a major role in the duel with the Mediterranean Sea would be the scene and he deemed it necessary that Tunis was in possession .

In October 1569, he marched eastward, the head of 5,000 regular musketeers, and took with him the way the quotas Kabyle, the goums of Amraoua Garfa and those of other tribes in the province of Constantine.
the announcement of his approach, Moulay Hamed was released from Tunis, but he had with him his spahis called Zemasnïa, numbering 3,000, 1.600 more nomadic Arabs. The encounter took place near Beja and the Turkish army triumphed without difficulty Tunisians who were pushed up Medjerda.
This river, being overwhelmed, the army stopped a moment to Euldj Ali, but he managed to cross it and, having put in the footsteps of Prince Hafsid, he inflicted a new defeat at Sidi Ali el-Hattab.

Moulay Hamed then returned to Tunis, but, considering all resistance useless, he gathered his family and what he could carry and went in the direction of Rades. From there he could cross the lake in a place where the water depth was less and take refuge in the English Fort Chekler. After recognizing him, they opened his door and gathered it. The English Governor Don Pedro de la Goulette Carrero took him under his protection

Euldj Ali was soon forthcoming, he went to Tunis without a fight, welcomed the submission of Zemasnia and actively strove to restore peace. After spent four months in his new conquest, he took the road to Algiers, leaving Tunis under the command of his boss, Ramdhane, with a thousand Turks, many Zouaoua and strengths of its predecessor (end 1569).

As Hamed, he went to Spain and s strove to justify to Philip II, his past conduct, begging him to provide a way to ascend the throne.

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78 - The Conquest of Tunis by the Turks (part 6)

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A year later, Moulay Hassan arrived in Bizerte submit, and went himself to supervise the dismantling of its walls (end 1535).
In 1536, the situation was far to improve, if we judge by the instances of Moulay Hassan with the emperor, in order to obtain regular troops that would allow it to hunt the few Turks remained in the country and their supporters reduce to subjection the Chabbïa who ruled Kairouan and finally submit the cities dissenting.

If these reinforcements could be given him, the king of Tunis said that his position had become untenable and demanded to be taken to Spain. Mendoza (Captain of the fort of La Goulette), in turn, confided that he prayed for ships and 1,500 men with whom he undertook to take control of Mahdia.
He confirmed that the position of Moulay Hassan was impossible to Tunis.

In 1537, the city of Kairouan sprang a fanatic named Sidi Arfa leader of the Brotherhood "Chabbia", which claims to sovereignty were soon supported by a large party. His goal was not only to combat "the traitor" but to dethrone him, so to end the dynasty Hafsid but also to drive the English and Turkish-Ottoman.
Moulay Hassan appealed again to the support of Charles V and the Viceroy of Sicily, at the behest of the emperor sent men and cons Soussa vessels, to reduce to obedience. With this reinforcement, the king Hafsid marched by land to assist the landing. But this double operation ended with a pitiful failure.

Two years after that unfortunate expedition, and in 1539, Andrea Doria revenged himself with brilliance. Kélibia, Sousse, Monastir and Sfax, even, were relocated under the authority of Moulay Hassan and governors Hafsid there were placed. Monastir even received a English regiment in garrison.

Kairouan remained in a state of revolt and Moulay Hassan was eager to avenge the humiliations experienced by him in its walls. Around 1540, he took the English garrison of Monastir, and having his assistant contingent took up a position at Batn el Karn, near the holy city of Okba. There was hardly settled people of Kairouan, who had already worked its members, effected a great outlet during the night and surprised his camp. Abandoned by the Arabs, Moulay Hassan was forced to open a passage to the tip of his sword, and thanks to the courage of the English soldiers, managed to return to Tunis, leaving all his baggage in the hands of rebels.

Monastir, Sousse, Sfax and Kelibia threw themselves back into revolt and accepted the protection privateer Dargouth Pasha (Pasha Dragut) which was headquarters El Mahdia and whose boldness and success wore his fame to the walls of Tunis and made increasingly illusory authority of Moulay Hassan.
The following year, Doria reappeared before Monastir and reduced the square. Soussa drove the Turks and replaced it under the authority of Moulay Hassan.

In 1542, Moulay Hassan, acknowledging all that his situation was perilous and precarious, decided to go in person to ask, once again, the help of Christians. He decided to move to Italy, for, from there, bring his grievances to the emperor, then at Augsburg, but as he did not trust none of his coreligionists, he laid, starting his treasure and jewels in La Goulette and confided to the English governor, Don Francisco Tavares, moreover, he ordered a ship goods of all kinds were to sell it in Italy.

The party was serious because he was leaving his dominions, in a time when his authority was threatened by factions. However, he did not, and left in the hands of his son Moulay Hamed, business management.
But no sooner had he arrived in Europe, where, without losing time, he had already sent Arms and ammunition, he received the Commander Goulette most alarming news: his son Soltan Hamid, assisted by Sheikh Bab el-Jazeera, Omar el-Djebali, seized the authority and has been proclaimed king in his place and that his company had succeeded, despite strong opposition from the garrison of La Goulette, commanded by Don Francisco de Tobar.

Immediately Moulay Hassan urged his enlistment and was soon back at the head of about 2,000 adventurers recruited in the south of Italy, and commanded by the Neapolitan Lofredo. But his son was prepared for the resistance, thanks to the excitement of fanaticism irritated complaisance of Sultan for Christians and subordination that he had accepted he had collected a considerable force which had taken up positions in front of the city between Kherbet Kelekh and Saniat el- el-Annabi.

Immediately Moulay Hassan returned to Tunis to play power to his son. Upon arrival, the governor of La Goulette, enjoying better than him all the difficulties of the company, advised him not to tempt fortune with undisciplined troops and the loyalty of what he ought not count. This advice, dictated by prudence, was not listened.

Moulay Hassan walked bravely against the enemy, but soldiers did not hold and soon found themselves in disarray: 500 of them were collected by the Spaniards of La Goulette and all others, including their leader Lofredo, perished by the sword of Muslims. As
Moulay Hassan, he fell while fleeing in a quagmire from which it was removed with difficulty. Dressed in a bathrobe that concealed the mud which covered him, he was brought before his son.

After overwhelmed with reproaches, Hamed Soltan consulted his friends about the treatment that was to be inflicted and the result was to put forced to choose between life imprisonment or loss of vision. The unhappy prince opted for the latter party had his eyes gouged out by the order of his son, who then gave him some freedom, knowing so discredited that it was more dangerous. Later, the king managed to escape and sought refuge among the Christians. He then accused Don F. Tavares for having taken all his wealth, as the result of a curious statement preserved in the archives of Simancas.

the news of these events, 1500 men from the army of Naples and conducted by Don Alonzo de Bivas, arrived in La Goulette, to help the governor of that place to overthrow the usurper. They were not long, indeed, the hunt of the throne and replace him with his uncle, Moulay Abd el-Malek, a man worthy of all respect. Unfortunately, this prince died thirty-six days after his elevation and we had to make a new choice. They gave him succeeded by his son, Moulay Mohamed.

Moulay Hamed did not remain inactive during these troubled times. The civil war that tore the country beautifully served his ambition, and he took advantage to form a powerful party, with which he was fortunate enough to capture with the help of Monastir Dargouth. Emboldened by this success, he immediately marched to Tunis, from where the young Moulay Mohamed, surprised by the brisk, fled to La Goulette, seek refuge with the Spaniards, leaving the power his cousin.

Dragut (Darghout) the privateer, took advantage, in turn, these revolutions to return to his obedience the cities that Doria had removed in 1540. It was Mahdia Africa or the center of its operations, and extended his authority over the island of Djerba.

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77 - The Conquest of Tunis by Turks (part 5)

Moulay Hassan was restored to the throne as a vassal and tributary of Spain. Charles V. kept to himself several maritime places, notably La Goulette he endowed a fortress, much of which already carved stones were recovered from Roman aqueducts, which they blew.

The Emperor went to freedom ten thousand Christian slaves (some historians say twenty thousand, Twenty five thousand) and he returned triumphantly to Naples a sip army loot and wealth.

August 6, 1545, Moulay Hassan and Charles had signed a covenant in which it was stipulated:
- The release without ransom, all the Christian slaves and guarantee their freedom of movement.
- The option for Europeans to carry on the business, moving to Tunis, to have their freedom of worship and build churches and to ring their bells. Only a judge appointed by the emperor could know the cause, try and punish offenders
Topics - The King of Tunis had refused to host the Moriscos of Granada, Valencia, Aragon and other places belonging to the emperor, and he had to evict them.
- A commitment not to promote the race, either by providing food and ammunition to the pirates, either collecting in the ports of the kingdom.

- The Refresher His Majesty the city of Africa (Mahdia)

- Reimbursement of shipping and paying an annual tribute of 12,000 gold crowns to support the maintenance of the garrison of the port and, if not call this short, the Captain General could withdraw the pensions of the kingdom.

- The perpetual grant to Spain of coral fishing in the waters of Tunis;
- In recognition of his vassalage to still the king of Tunis and its successors should also submit annually, a tax consisting 6 horses and 12 falcons, under penalty of 50,000 ducats the first time they would not do it, 100,000 the second and third time they would be deprived of the kingdom. Also
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- The King of Tunis handed to the emperor and his successors the kingdoms English rights he had on the cities of Bone, Bizerte, and other maritime fortresses that Barbarossa had usurped in order to expel all privateers who were there.

- The King of Tunis yielded to the emperor and the kings of Castile La Goulette and lands a mile around, provided that the Spaniards of chairs do not prevent the people of Carthage to take water wells located near the Water Tower.

- The King of Tunis had to leave the Christians of La Goulette, appointed by the captain of the fort, to trade freely throughout the kingdom. The king would receive taxes on the purchase and sale of goods (alcabala), but if there was crime, only the captain of the fort had authority over them and could punish them.

- The King of Tunis and his vassals would make no covenant and would not sign any agreement with a Christian or Moorish prince who could harm the Emperor or his successors kings of Spain and vice versa. The Emperor and the King of Tunis commitment on their behalf and that of their successors to maintain links friendship and good neighborliness, mutual respect in the freedom of trade in each other at sea and on land. For his part

Moulay Hassan asked
- 4,000 muskets with powder;
- Some artillery pieces, those that have been taken in the fortress of La Goulette, with ammunition;
- Some galleys, which He has a great need, and it will arm.

As his Majesty will promise:
- That the new fortifications of La Goulette would not provide any impediment to trade, and that soldiers stationed in the fortress will not try to penetrate in the country. Whenever they want to come to Tunis, they must be provided with safe conduct of the king.
- For personal safety of Moulay Hassan will also be allowed to hold Rabatins temporarily stationed in the Kasbah.

Spain in exchange for these commitments, promised her protection against all comers.

After the capture of Tunis with Charles V and the restoration of the monarchy Hafsid, Moulay Hassan controlled only Tunis. And yet, unable to avoid the sack of the city by imperial troops, and has appealed to Christians to recover the throne he was hated by his subjects. The hinterland and all of southern Tunisia, which Kairouan, a bastion of Islam, escaped him.

This treaty, the Emperor left Tunis after being left in the Casbah a garrison of 200 men who were to remain at the disposal of Moulay Hassan, until the complete pacification of the country. He then went to La Goulette, Rades through, where he stopped to wait for all his cavalry and equipment of the army were re-embarked on board the fleet. This done, he went to his former camp at Carthage, where he remained until his departure.

Before putting to sea, the emperor ordered him immediately proceeded to construct a strong citadel in La Goulette. For this purpose, materials of all kinds were ordered in Sicily and, in defense of the square, it left a corps of 1000 men under the command of Don Bernardino de Mendoza. Regardless of this body, a naval unit of 12 galleys under the command of Anthony Doria, also had to park there.

The emperor, having embarked, commanded the English fleet to return to its home port, and he went himself, with the rest of its fleet, about Mahdia (Africa), he wanted to s 'seize, but the bad weather which forced to adjourn this expedition he returned, in turn, Sicily and landed at Trapani. He took advantage of his stay in this port to run on Mahdia 5.000 troops landing, but, again, the winds and the poor condition of the sea came to foil the plans of Charles V.

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