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77 - The Conquest of Tunis by Turks (part 5)

Moulay Hassan was restored to the throne as a vassal and tributary of Spain. Charles V. kept to himself several maritime places, notably La Goulette he endowed a fortress, much of which already carved stones were recovered from Roman aqueducts, which they blew.

The Emperor went to freedom ten thousand Christian slaves (some historians say twenty thousand, Twenty five thousand) and he returned triumphantly to Naples a sip army loot and wealth.

August 6, 1545, Moulay Hassan and Charles had signed a covenant in which it was stipulated:
- The release without ransom, all the Christian slaves and guarantee their freedom of movement.
- The option for Europeans to carry on the business, moving to Tunis, to have their freedom of worship and build churches and to ring their bells. Only a judge appointed by the emperor could know the cause, try and punish offenders
Topics - The King of Tunis had refused to host the Moriscos of Granada, Valencia, Aragon and other places belonging to the emperor, and he had to evict them.
- A commitment not to promote the race, either by providing food and ammunition to the pirates, either collecting in the ports of the kingdom.

- The Refresher His Majesty the city of Africa (Mahdia)

- Reimbursement of shipping and paying an annual tribute of 12,000 gold crowns to support the maintenance of the garrison of the port and, if not call this short, the Captain General could withdraw the pensions of the kingdom.

- The perpetual grant to Spain of coral fishing in the waters of Tunis;
- In recognition of his vassalage to still the king of Tunis and its successors should also submit annually, a tax consisting 6 horses and 12 falcons, under penalty of 50,000 ducats the first time they would not do it, 100,000 the second and third time they would be deprived of the kingdom. Also
;
- The King of Tunis handed to the emperor and his successors the kingdoms English rights he had on the cities of Bone, Bizerte, and other maritime fortresses that Barbarossa had usurped in order to expel all privateers who were there.

- The King of Tunis yielded to the emperor and the kings of Castile La Goulette and lands a mile around, provided that the Spaniards of chairs do not prevent the people of Carthage to take water wells located near the Water Tower.

- The King of Tunis had to leave the Christians of La Goulette, appointed by the captain of the fort, to trade freely throughout the kingdom. The king would receive taxes on the purchase and sale of goods (alcabala), but if there was crime, only the captain of the fort had authority over them and could punish them.

- The King of Tunis and his vassals would make no covenant and would not sign any agreement with a Christian or Moorish prince who could harm the Emperor or his successors kings of Spain and vice versa. The Emperor and the King of Tunis commitment on their behalf and that of their successors to maintain links friendship and good neighborliness, mutual respect in the freedom of trade in each other at sea and on land. For his part

Moulay Hassan asked
- 4,000 muskets with powder;
- Some artillery pieces, those that have been taken in the fortress of La Goulette, with ammunition;
- Some galleys, which He has a great need, and it will arm.

As his Majesty will promise:
- That the new fortifications of La Goulette would not provide any impediment to trade, and that soldiers stationed in the fortress will not try to penetrate in the country. Whenever they want to come to Tunis, they must be provided with safe conduct of the king.
- For personal safety of Moulay Hassan will also be allowed to hold Rabatins temporarily stationed in the Kasbah.

Spain in exchange for these commitments, promised her protection against all comers.

After the capture of Tunis with Charles V and the restoration of the monarchy Hafsid, Moulay Hassan controlled only Tunis. And yet, unable to avoid the sack of the city by imperial troops, and has appealed to Christians to recover the throne he was hated by his subjects. The hinterland and all of southern Tunisia, which Kairouan, a bastion of Islam, escaped him.

This treaty, the Emperor left Tunis after being left in the Casbah a garrison of 200 men who were to remain at the disposal of Moulay Hassan, until the complete pacification of the country. He then went to La Goulette, Rades through, where he stopped to wait for all his cavalry and equipment of the army were re-embarked on board the fleet. This done, he went to his former camp at Carthage, where he remained until his departure.

Before putting to sea, the emperor ordered him immediately proceeded to construct a strong citadel in La Goulette. For this purpose, materials of all kinds were ordered in Sicily and, in defense of the square, it left a corps of 1000 men under the command of Don Bernardino de Mendoza. Regardless of this body, a naval unit of 12 galleys under the command of Anthony Doria, also had to park there.

The emperor, having embarked, commanded the English fleet to return to its home port, and he went himself, with the rest of its fleet, about Mahdia (Africa), he wanted to s 'seize, but the bad weather which forced to adjourn this expedition he returned, in turn, Sicily and landed at Trapani. He took advantage of his stay in this port to run on Mahdia 5.000 troops landing, but, again, the winds and the poor condition of the sea came to foil the plans of Charles V.

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76 - The Conquest of Tunis by the Turks (part 4)

On the other side of the canal works were also undertaken. When everything was almost finished, a bridge over the canal linking the two parts of La Goulette, and assured communications between them.
To add to these resources, we used the batteries from some galleys ashore, and they spared to other vessels, wet in the lake itself, the way to open their fire on the enemy, whichever way he attack him the corner.

To defend these, 4,000 had Khaireddine Turkish Janissaries of 1,000 and 2,000 Tunisians. He gave the command over two of his lieutenants: Sinan, the Jew, and Ali, surnamed Caccia Diavolo, or Devil Hunt.
As for food for the nourishment of all these people, they were to be drawn from Tunis and service of boats constantly coming and going from La Goulette, provide for these essential needs.

After using the arms of the population, Barbarossa thought to use its passions. The Holy War was proclaimed. Imams preached everywhere hatred of the Christian name, and many officers scoured the countryside, to excite the fanatical zeal of the warm and indifferent. It was under these provisions that Barbarossa waited threatening forces of Charles V.

Preparations ordained in the various arsenals being completed, Charles V left Barcelona May 31, 1535, with its own division, and those provided by Flanders, Portugal and Genoa. They were reinforced in Cagliari, where the emperor arrived a few days later, Arms of Malta and Italy. All fleet sails were 400 including 90 galleys. The army comprised 26,500 men, including the following enumeration:

FLEET.
- Division of Spain, Genoa and Flanders: 54 galleys, 70 large ships, 54 brigs, under the command of Andrea Doria.
- Portugal Division: 27 ships under the command of Antonio de Saldanha.
- Division of Italy and Malta: 36 galleys, 28 large ships under the command of Alvaro Bazan. More
transport.

ARMY.

INFANTRY - Division English; veteran troops from Italy: 4,000 men, under the command of General Marquis de Guasto.
- Division English, new levies: 8,000 men, under the Duke of Alba.
- German Division: 7,000 men under the command of Maximilian Piedra Buena.
- Italian Division: 4,000 men under the command of the Prince of Salerno.
- Portuguese Division: 2,000 men, under the orders of Louis Infante of Portugal.


CAVALRY - Volunteers noble of all nations: 1,000 men under the command of the Marquis de Mondejar.
- English Cavalry: 500 men under the command of the Marquis de Mondejar.

Part of Cagliari, the fleet appeared on the bay of Tunis in the second half of June. They had before them the land or was Carthage, or St. Louis instead landed three centuries ago. The men of Charles V. could not see, an arid coast and desert, burned by the fire of a scorching sun, dotted with gigantic ruins, not connected by any link with the past, at best they knew that an army of Christians had descended on this once land to plant the cross they themselves would try to fix it!

It landed without resistance from the Arabs, and now they were busy preparing for the attack. After several hot business, or both sides were made losses serious enough, and the work of the seat being completed elsewhere, fire was opened on July 14, 1535 Halk el Oued, La Goulette, which the same day, fell into the hands of the Spaniards. Eighty-seven ships and three hundred guns fell into the hands of the victors.
The Turkish garrison evacuated it and retreated to Tunis, winning the city by the lake, not without losing a lot of people throughout the journey.

At the news of the landing of Charles V, Moulay Hassan was rushed to him enough not to be confused with that of 150 riders, instead of the numerous contingent he had undertaken to provide it. Nevertheless, the Emperor reassured him generously, and he again promised to restore his throne before long.

La Goulette making the order to stand on Tunis was given, and, on July 17, the army marched, along the right bank of the lake.
Barbarossa, at the head of 9,000 homes for old soldiers, came to meet the Emperor at a mile and a half from the town, the two armies were in attendance and came to blows, but the Tunisian troops, composed Turks and natives could not withstand the first shock of the Christians, and all were soon overthrown. At the same time that the action committed, almost in sight of the ramparts of the city, the Christian slaves broke the doors of their prison, and had mastered the Kasbah.

the top of its walls, they announced their success in the English army. This circumstance greatly affects the outcome of the company. Deprived of its main defense, Tunis was forced to capitulate.
During the night the Turks still encamped under the walls of the city, but the next Khaireddine that these successive failures had discouraged, withdrew with the remnants of his army in the interior, from where he reached Algiers leaving in the Casbah of its capital ephemeral treasures and women.

The Emperor was received upon his entrance into the city by different authorities, who came up outside the doors for him to offer keys. Despite this act of condescension respectful, Tunis was pillaged, and plundered it lasted three days and begot a bloodbath that left 70.000 dead!

According to various stories, sources, chronicles and historians "the looting would have been permitted for three days, but the booty was small, and frustrated troops had thus satisfied their revenge by massacring some of the inhabitants irrespective for sex or age. " According to historian
Abdulwahab Tunisia, Tunis at that time had 180,000 souls. The third was captured and the others fled in the vicinity of Zaghouan and the rest were massacred. The smell of corpses decomposed by heat incommodèrent the king was forced to leave Tunis July 27 to stay in Rades
addition to "carnage", "this heinous killing," these organs and rapine, "" the massacre " mosques were demolished and burned libraries. The desecration of the Great Mosque Zaytuna and rape of the tomb of the marabout Sidi Mahrez patron of the city of Tunis with strong emotions were evoked by various writers and historians, and was even interpreted as an act "barbaric."
Columnist Paolo Giovio who had accompanied the expeditionary described the despair of Moulay Hassan Arabic books before trampled by English troops.

also mention other names still bearing the imprint of this eventful history. Until today. One of the doors of Tunis still bears the name of "Bab el Falla" (Gate of the failed and puerta Huida) which recalls the flight of the inhabitants of Tunis after taking into Ressas and Djebel Djebel Zaghouan.

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feudal powers (Historical and Cultural Dictionary Queyras)

The power of the Dolphin is limited by the numerous local aristocracy. Vassal, she participated in the exercise of justice and partly controls the economy. It is therefore co-seigneurs. The nobles were divided into three "parere" means noble Arvieux, those of Molina, Challain Château-Queyras, the most powerful. This co-seigneur originates not the knights who had participated in the expulsion of the Saracens, as proposed by sloe-Broke, but soldiers who, with the Count's power, have framed the farmers who settled the upper valleys. It lasts until the early fourteenth century

The Dolphin seeks to strengthen his power. During investigations of the thirteenth s scribes draw up an inventory or "summa" of income that can be expected from each parish, and then they add up the income of each parish to assess income Queyras or "summa grossa. They strive to establish an average income, by eliminating the uncertainty of future harvests. Taxation is compounded in three ways: through research finicky existing rights, the increase of old charges, by the emergence of new demands.

Two cases illustrate this strengthening of central power. The Dauphin seizes property of a nobleman, who died without an heir Live, the steward of Vizille, who owned land and rights in the Queyras. It decays Auruce Obert, very powerful in the Val Chisone. It has a policy against even tougher local government, the Mistral (or Bayle). The nobility of the High Dauphiné is too poor to oppose him. The average income of a noble family of 3 books, one of A.. Bermond about 6 cents.

The impoverished aristocracy, she alienates her property or go into debt to cope with rising prices and population growth. Gradually, the nobles are absorbed by the world disappears commoner and nobility of the high valleys in the fifteenth century At the same time, emerges in peasant society is a wealthy minority and a new power: the rural community (or university), whose name is often cited in surveys of 1265. It keeps records, control of certain fees, manages the mills. S in the fourteenth, she obtained other credentials: she decides logging, collects revenues, participates in load balancing, acquires offices, etc..