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65 - History of Jews in the Regency of Tunis (9th Party)

In the years 1910-1920, the Jews were barely 50,000 people in a population of two million. They lived mainly in cities. Provided
to keep quiet, they were free from persecution, but they were excluded from the state union, similar to the community of believers whose administration is almost entirely handled only by the French. So they were not liable to military service; the Protectorate did not affect the privilege normally negative.

As foreigners, Jews, immigrants from Livorno as large traders enjoyed greater freedom and penetrated to the entourage Bey. Under the Protectorate, they were the main protagonists of "Italianità" and somewhat despised their fellow "natives."

At the latter, the Protectorate offered a chance to get out of the neighborhood Hara as the most overcrowded and unhealthy. Through schools of the Alliance Israelite, who were providing instruction in French, some Jews managed to start a social rise and settle in the European city, but the mass remained "willy-nilly at the Hara.

Supporting the yoke uneasily Bey aggravated with all the weight of the French administration and in their desire to assimilate (to French), many Jews sought to be justiciable French rather than Tunisians.
In 1909, the Young Tunisians launched a campaign against this request, with the idea of obtaining an improvement in the Tunisian court that would satisfy both Muslims and Jews, instead of an assimilation of Jews in French ( as it had occurred in Algeria with the naturalization unit). But this intellectual position might be perverted into an agitation against the Jews themselves, who have been in effect when the victims of a "social and economic boycott." In any case, the issue was difficult for the Protectorate which could not afford to offend Muslims.

In addition, the Israelite race to assimilation faced anti-Semitism of the French right, especially well represented among the settlers (one of the most entrenched traditions among students in the School of Agriculture was Colonial molest or at least humiliate the Jews), but also among bank employees and even doctors and lawyers fear the emerging competition.

This could feed anti-Semitism of racial bias of some officials, but at the residential scale, rather considerations of high politics: Jews were the sand into this machine that it intends to handle the Protectorate sovereign and that "with them, it never has the last word."
The French government systematically rejected the judiciary, because "the Jewish basoche already here such advantages that no longer resist him."

residential Desire to maintain the tranquility of the status quo was also an advantage for the Israelites, he defended against the request of the War Department to compel military service. All her arguments were good. If the Jews had taken advantage of the Protectorate, they were not provided Anglicized, and had "no reason to to fight for France remained Tunisia's mistress rather than another Christian nation. Arabs rather have a moral obligation to provide soldiers to France, being under his tutelage moral and material. "

recruitment Israelites reluctant to cause any authority disorders. If on the other hand they made good military service by the French naturalization, you would pay their contribution as "poor" by the loss of Muslim loyalty, an essential condition of the Protectorate. The Italians staying out of war at the beginning, the Israelites had made them sponsored by profiteers and sowers of panic. By Following the mobilization of Livorno by Italy, some Tunisian Jews were committed voluntarily, that their opening act (as well as the Tunisians) the way the French naturalization. In addition, recruiting voluntary workers, Jewish, but with little success compared to "zeal" of Muslims.
The Resident reported that they could not "overcome their disobedience ... I do not now the case of the Israelite religion. I speak of a localized ethnic group that special conditions of existence ... have shaped. " All in all, the war produced no Franco-Jewish. She presented by cons, opportunities to break the animosity between French and Muslim and Jewish. Also parking Jewish Algerian soldiers in Tunisia was followed by numerous incidents that have left a deep impression. The Jew in the uniform and armed with French ... not resist the urge to hit the Muslims.

The reverse was also true, and Jews in general without uniforms, were most often in the position of victims. The most serious disturbances took place in August 1917, with looting in Tunis by Hara on leave Muslims in the wake of scuffles with Jewish soldiers of the service order or pimps.
unrest spread to the Cap Bon, Sousse, Kairouan, Sfax, where a Jew was killed, and Gabes. The Resident boasted of having put an end to service improvement agenda. But the Journal "The French Tunisia, which was paid by Jews to oppose the tax on war profits, and who offered the paradoxical spectacle of being at the same time the tribune and the Jewish settlers applauding the exploits of skirmishers, saw things differently: only the departure on leave recovering the calm, the authorities military and civilian left them tough for three days.

Jewish notables denounced the "reckless disregard" of the authorities, some officials have even encouraged the looters. For the Secretary General, it was only the Director of the Police who had been "unfortunate few words, certainly more than his mind about the Jews." A few months later, French officers were yelling at a cafe Israelite: "Here's a coffee kike, dirty Jews ...». The resident refused to "press" the accusations against French officers which have also encouraged the looters. At most, the sharpshooters had misunderstood the orders ... "However, everyone insists on what is called the arrogance of the Jews today. Many people add that they deserved to be taught a lesson. " The Resident General Alapetite wanted to avoid the danger that the administration was not recognized liable for reparations to victims, he used to this, the lure of repairs "graceful".

A traditional animosity against Israel came cons added that all merchants who were making war profits. In Tunis, the Jewish privilege to continue the business without the interference of the mobilization could logically be angry that the French Muslims are also exempt. Indeed, the French complained that the Israelites had jobs or businesses vacated by "our people who are killed for them." Or in the words of the Resident Similarly, the French weakness was not only due to the mobilization: "Our French traders are here as shopkeepers waiting customers and business. They do not know the languages of the country, do not run the corn and can not buy the indigenous productions. "

Even among the Muslims of Tunis, the privilege Jews have contributed to the excitement brought about by the Young Tunisians from the Medina. The excitement against the Jews was consistent, however wrong with the political reasoning of the Young Tunisians as it manifested itself in the question of jurisdiction. Also the Journal of Maghreb she reproached the "Colon French" to speak of recruiting Jews to prepare the Muslims against them. On the other hand, she spoke out against those Jews who were willing to military service as the price of French citizenship. Mohamed Bach-Hamba judged understandable desire to retain the exemption Israelite, and he rejected the proposal of the "Colon" to strike the exemption of a special tax which Muslims have hardly escaped Tunis. The idea seems to have been the need to oppose a Jewish-Muslim solidarity to the demands as well as French excitations. An attempt to organize this solidarity ensued after the end of the war also caused new troubles anti-Jewish.

Upon return to La Goulette a Muslim regiment in July 1920, a detachment would be "swept" the sidewalks before the official retirement, shouting "Down with the Jews," particularly numerous in this locality and hurting everyone. The colonel in charge of an investigation on the subsequent scuffle reported that NCO had attacked passers-by, but according to the final report of the Commander of the DOT, the attitude of the military was perfectly correct, and Jews had caused the stampede "by their luxury and their ways arrogant. "
League of Human Rights noted these contradictions, and a more open anti-Semitism in some French newspapers. The Journal "Tunisia French" also spoke of attacks from the guns, and relied on statements by notable Jewish loyalty to invalidate the thesis of "provocation".
Another incident the following month, he reminded Djellaz of: the porter of a dead Muslim, on the way to the cemetery, have pushed a Jew, and the police had to release them from other Jews who had come to the aid of their co-religionist.

follow ...

Bibliography:
- Tunis in the 19th Century (part 2): Marginality and Social Change - Abdelhamid Larguèche
- Algeria and Tunisia - Alfred Baraudon
- History of North Africa (Barbary) - Since the ancient times until the French conquest - Ernest MERCIER
Description - Northern Africa - El Bakri
- Ancient History of North Africa - Stéphane Gsell
- History of French institutions and trade in Africa's Barbary (1560-1793) (Algeria, Tunisia, Tripoli, Morocco) - Paul Masson
- Tunis, Description of the Regency - Dr. Louis Frank
- Tunisia - Albert the
Berge - Europeans in Tunis in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries - Ahmed Saad
- The other through the French newspaper La Tunisia - Hassan El-Annabi
- Payment or annexation - For the crossed paths of Tunisian history - Daniel Goldstein

Chamomile Vs Valerian

64 - History of Jews in the Regency of Tunis (8th Party )

Following the agreements of the Protectorate of Tunisia and with the installation of French settlers who began strong grip on the country's wealth and through an interest group that made the appointment of preponderance (1), a French anti-Semitism evident arose in the Regency to confront the Jews, who were not prepared to give up their privileges.

the way the Jews of Tunisia were accused of isolation among the indigenous population and to train, thanks to special institutions, a sort of state within a state.
In addition, some French even went up to ask the government not to make any distinction between the Tunisian subjects and remove all privileges create a situation of the Israelites for over Muslims.
The call was also to end the consular protection, with a few francs a year, give the Jews of their rights without creating obligations and to require the children of Israel pay the same taxes as other subjects and Bey submit them as Arab military service.

There were even French voices that called for the expulsion of the Regency on the grounds that the Alliance Israelite Universelle, which comes in full French colony, forming an important part of the population to the ideas of the enemies of France.

Thus, hiding their ill-Semitism some groups find that Tunis has become the "new Jerusalem" of the Jews, because they are spoiled, pampered and protected. However, for overriding this situation is dangerous for French interests, that is what we could read in the newspaper "The French Tunisia on 26 June 1897," this unique breed has maintained at all times and in all people among whom she lived and she was exploited, homogeneity, persistence of views, a burning desire to achieve wealth and power, like everywhere, eventually, it led the reaction, revolt, the emergency measures last, which alone in Spain, France, Russia, the Barbary countries have been able to stop its expansion, and for a time, put an end to his invasion. " This

Semitism, according to its proponents, is accentuated by the usurious practices conducted by the Jews cause significant changes in working conditions and life in the Regency

For preponderant Jewish usury is also detrimental to trade, especially the small French trade, as some Jews are buying outside the freight payable three months to sell them immediately below courses and submit to maturity at an excessive rate, the money they received cash.

But is the risk of transfer of urban property to the Jewish community at the expense of colonization that is, in fact, feared, as the case of Jewish behavior in the region of Cap Bon.
Jews Nabeul numbering about 3000, had at least 4 million dollars placed in the Cap Bon. The buildings are in their hands. Nianou A small village of 50 families, for example, 30 houses are in the possession of a single Jew.
But these charges and these usurious interest, are not the most important benefits made, there is another more dangerous: it is the purchase of foreclosed properties that might make the Jews in some regions the sole owners of the soil.


(1) It must be said that the word "Balance" is somewhat anachronistic here, because it was not until 1907 for it to be introduced into the political vocabulary. Recovered by the Tunisian reformers, it means all the privileges enjoyed by the French settlers, precedence being those most committed to maintain these privileges.

continued ...

Bibliography:
- Tunis in the 19th Century (Part 2) : Marginality and Social Change - Abdelhamid Larguèche
- Algeria and Tunisia - Alfred Baraudon
- History of North Africa (Barbary) - Since the ancient times until the French conquest - Ernest MERCIER
- Description of northern Africa - El Bakri
- Ancient History of North Africa - Stéphane Gsell
- History of French institutions and trade in Africa's Barbary (1560-1793) (Algeria, Tunisia, Tripoli, Morocco) - Paul Masson
- Tunis , Description of the Regency - Dr. Louis Frank
- Tunisia - Albert of Berge
- Europeans in Tunis in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries - Ahmed Saad
- The other through the French newspaper La Tunisia - Hassan El-Annabi
- Payment or annexation - For crossing paths of Tunisian history - Daniel Goldstein

How Can You Tell If You Have Herpes In Your Nose

63 - History of Jews in the Regency of Tunis (7th Party)

The Bible nowhere forbids women to show their face and appear in the streets. Their powerful and continuous intervention in the work of Jesus proves how much they were at this time mixed with the active life of men. But the habits and prejudices of the Muslim women have greatly influenced the Jewish women. Their obesity Moreover, disqualifying walking and unsightly, keeps them at home.

It comes out that the foot loose women, others do not dare unless accompanied and very rarely. However, as they are very pretty, very elegant and very stylish, they show themselves to the public once a week, every Saturday, starting at three o'clock, dressed in their richest dresses, trimmed with diamonds, decorated with jewels, they come in groups to post their cross in the most conspicuous, and cause them.

Scenes Jewish

(Click image to access the entire album)


All foreigners, young Christians and indigenous youth, aware of these strange habits, go to the Jewish quarter and contemplate their comfortable with these beautiful people together, to please them, behind the bars of their windows. The stranger is often surprised to be the subject of whispers, looks and even provocative signs that criminals would be very, very significant in Europe, but which are, told me there be sure, unimportant in Tunis . The Jewish

benefit from being seen from a distance, with their imposing forms, they have an incomparable splendor and majesty. Their manners are very relaxed, and they have the monopoly of gallantry with strangers. This is not to say that the Moors have more morals than Jewish, but they are held in duty by the severity of the law, and indeed less desirable foreigners, because the punishment which strikes' s extends to their accomplice.

The Koran, very forgiving for a foul committed with a true believer, punishes with death any trade in a Muslim with a Christian. The last scene of this kind very common in past centuries and without probably will not happen again in the future, took place in 1823 during the reign of Mahmud-Bey. A baker
Sardinian, based in Tunis, had relations with a young indigenous woman. Moors, who had discovered the plot, managed to surprise the couple imprudent act of adultery.
These unfortunate young men, torn from the house that served as their refuge, were pinioned and trailed in Bardo complacent with the neighbor who protected and sheltered their loves. The crowd who was driving, swelling and getting excited with each step, the air resounded with imprecations and words of death.

The Bey, who shared his feelings and his passions, condemned the three culprits to death. The Christian, seized by chaouchs, was driving on one of the squares of Tunis and beheaded before having been visited by a priest. The woman was later drowned in the lake, and the Moor hanged at Bab Souika.
The show was complete. Thus the people of Tunis he was jubilant, and was very near the Jewish quarter was not looted during the night.

It is true that in this country, the police are very meek and short-sighted, but at her side, there are plenty of fanatics who believe they are pleasing to the prophet in enforcing its law, and willing not to strike an infidel who has dared to sully his touch a woman reserved for true children of the prophet.

With Jewish one has to fear any of these inconveniences. The men, accustomed to humiliation, are also much less touchy on the point of honor. Long as the money arrives, they do not inform the source. The misconduct of a woman does not exclude the fact of the family or the church. It is this bad business, as it would any other, parents tolerate it, and even the rabbis, who charge a tax on it, drawn by its probable success.

The Jewish does not show too difficult to afford to amorous adventures, but they provide the utmost care to hide their love affairs, for if their husband or rabbi of the synagogue had knowledge, they would run the risk of being severely punished or even repudiated.
It is not difficult for a Jew to divorce his wife, if he can claim a reasonable cause to justify this divorce, and more, without having recourse to this legal act, taking a second wife, their law authorizing the polygamy and Muslim law.

All the girls are dancing with joy, and the Jews are even more skilled in this art that the Moors, and what are they which are the ornament of all KIFS, orgies nocturnal species which are the only recreations of that people voluptuous. I was assured that many of these popular Almes receive three to four hundred dollars for a single dance. On this account much richer. When they marry, and as the girls of Lesbos, they fall under the help of their husbands in the world, where they rank depends on the savings they have managed to do. The costume of

Jewish Tunis nothing like that of Jewish Algiers or Fez. They have maintained the contrary, they claim the national dress worn in any biblical purity. They are in the streets Face, wearing pants very sticky silk brocade and bright color, usually red and cotton stockings brightly colored, baggy shirts with striped silk gown and a kind of Phrygian cap and curved tip red morocco slippers
Their throat is enclosed in a black leotard, very sticky, very thin, and showing perfectly what it is supposed to have to hide. The head is wrapped in a white bathrobe, very light, which, flanking the figure, draw a contrast with their eyes and ebony hair and falls to the hips.
The gauze is so light, quite transparent, so that we track through the tissue, all body shapes. This suit is the latest indecency and it seems however that this is the real Jewish costume, and he was raised, although this is contrary to tradition, by holy women who accompanied Christ to Calvary.

The woman is still in Tunis in the Jewish state of inferiority in which Jesus was found and he was raised. The rabbis, not recognizing him no soul, it prohibits access to the synagogue. It is purposely kept in profound ignorance, to accept without revolt, the tyrannical supremacy that man has arrogated to it.

Jews marry very young boys, from fifteen to seventeen, girls, twelve to fifteen. Singles are very few among them women and very fruitful. As a result of this race multiplies prodigiously and more apparent that it contrasts with the steady decline of Muslims.

Jews, arrived in late nineteenth century to the huge number of fifty thousand, up over one-quarter of the indigenous population with security, their prolific virtue will only increase, if the ideas of justice and order continue to prevail the couch in the Regency, a century before, they will be as numerous as the true believers and possess half the land. No one knows what will happen then.

You must not believe that these people are lacking boldness and courage they have so far slavishly bent their foreheads, because they were unable to think of defense, and the slightest sign of insubordination would was the signal for a massacre. But should not they thought themselves able to resist. They would see the world surprised they race up the strongest, most patient, most vivid, the most indomitable, ever lived in the heavens.

continued ...

Bibliography:
- Tunis in the 19th Century (part 2): Marginality and Social Change - Abdelhamid Larguèche
- Algeria and Tunisia - Alfred Baraudon
- History of North Africa (Barbary) - Since the ancient times until the French conquest - Ernest MERCIER
Description - Northern Africa - El Bakri
- Ancient History of North Africa - Stéphane Gsell
- History of French institutions and trade in Africa's Barbary (1560-1793) (Algeria, Tunisia, Tripoli, Morocco) - Paul Masson
- Tunis, Description of the Regency - Dr. Louis Frank
- Tunisia - Albert of Berge
- Europeans in Tunis in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries - Ahmed Saad
- The other through the French newspaper La Tunisia - El-Hassan Annabi
- Payment or annexation - For the crossed paths of Tunisian history - Daniel Goldstein